2022-05-04 17:03:56

by Sai Prakash Ranjan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

From: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>

Generic MMIO read/write i.e., __raw_{read,write}{b,l,w,q} accessors
are typically used to read/write from/to memory mapped registers
and can cause hangs or some undefined behaviour in following few
cases,

* If the access to the register space is unclocked, for example: if
there is an access to multimedia(MM) block registers without MM
clocks.

* If the register space is protected and not set to be accessible from
non-secure world, for example: only EL3 (EL: Exception level) access
is allowed and any EL2/EL1 access is forbidden.

* If xPU(memory/register protection units) is controlling access to
certain memory/register space for specific clients.

and more...

Such cases usually results in instant reboot/SErrors/NOC or interconnect
hangs and tracing these register accesses can be very helpful to debug
such issues during initial development stages and also in later stages.

So use ftrace trace events to log such MMIO register accesses which
provides rich feature set such as early enablement of trace events,
filtering capability, dumping ftrace logs on console and many more.

Sample output:

rwmmio_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
rwmmio_post_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
rwmmio_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610
rwmmio_post_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 val=0x0 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610

Signed-off-by: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>
Co-developed-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
---
arch/Kconfig | 3 ++
arch/arm64/Kconfig | 1 +
include/trace/events/rwmmio.h | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
lib/Kconfig | 7 +++
lib/Makefile | 2 +
lib/trace_readwrite.c | 47 +++++++++++++++++
6 files changed, 157 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
create mode 100644 lib/trace_readwrite.c

diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
index 31c4fdc4a4ba..5e7aa17ed609 100644
--- a/arch/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/Kconfig
@@ -1369,6 +1369,9 @@ config ARCH_HAS_ELFCORE_COMPAT
config ARCH_HAS_PARANOID_L1D_FLUSH
bool

+config ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
+ bool
+
config DYNAMIC_SIGFRAME
bool

diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
index 20ea89d9ac2f..926e1a252b6f 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ config ARM64
select ARCH_HAS_ZONE_DMA_SET if EXPERT
select ARCH_HAVE_ELF_PROT
select ARCH_HAVE_NMI_SAFE_CMPXCHG
+ select ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK if !PREEMPTION
select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_BH if !PREEMPTION
select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_IRQ if !PREEMPTION
diff --git a/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82edee9bf716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ */
+#undef TRACE_SYSTEM
+#define TRACE_SYSTEM rwmmio
+
+#if !defined(_TRACE_RWMMIO_H) || defined(TRACE_HEADER_MULTI_READ)
+#define _TRACE_RWMMIO_H
+
+#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
+
+DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(rwmmio_rw_template,
+
+ TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
+
+ TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
+
+ TP_STRUCT__entry(
+ __field(unsigned long, caller)
+ __field(unsigned long, addr)
+ __field(u64, val)
+ __field(u8, width)
+ ),
+
+ TP_fast_assign(
+ __entry->caller = caller;
+ __entry->val = val;
+ __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
+ __entry->width = width;
+ ),
+
+ TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
+ (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
+ __entry->val, __entry->addr)
+);
+
+DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_write,
+ TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
+ TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
+);
+
+DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_post_write,
+ TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
+ TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
+);
+
+TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_read,
+
+ TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
+
+ TP_ARGS(caller, width, addr),
+
+ TP_STRUCT__entry(
+ __field(unsigned long, caller)
+ __field(unsigned long, addr)
+ __field(u8, width)
+ ),
+
+ TP_fast_assign(
+ __entry->caller = caller;
+ __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
+ __entry->width = width;
+ ),
+
+ TP_printk("%pS width=%d addr=%#lx",
+ (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width, __entry->addr)
+);
+
+TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_post_read,
+
+ TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
+
+ TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
+
+ TP_STRUCT__entry(
+ __field(unsigned long, caller)
+ __field(unsigned long, addr)
+ __field(u64, val)
+ __field(u8, width)
+ ),
+
+ TP_fast_assign(
+ __entry->caller = caller;
+ __entry->val = val;
+ __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
+ __entry->width = width;
+ ),
+
+ TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
+ (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
+ __entry->val, __entry->addr)
+);
+
+#endif /* _TRACE_RWMMIO_H */
+
+#include <trace/define_trace.h>
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
index 087e06b4cdfd..5e2fd075724f 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/Kconfig
@@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ config INDIRECT_IOMEM_FALLBACK
mmio accesses when the IO memory address is not a registered
emulated region.

+config TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
+ bool "Register read/write tracing"
+ depends on TRACING && ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
+ help
+ Create tracepoints for MMIO read/write operations. These trace events
+ can be used for logging all MMIO read/write operations.
+
source "lib/crypto/Kconfig"

config CRC_CCITT
diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
index 6b9ffc1bd1ee..3df7d24e65d2 100644
--- a/lib/Makefile
+++ b/lib/Makefile
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ lib-y += logic_pio.o

lib-$(CONFIG_INDIRECT_IOMEM) += logic_iomem.o

+obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS) += trace_readwrite.o
+
obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o

obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
diff --git a/lib/trace_readwrite.c b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..88637038b30c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * Register read and write tracepoints
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/ftrace.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <asm-generic/io.h>
+
+#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
+#include <trace/events/rwmmio.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
+void log_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
+ unsigned long caller_addr)
+{
+ trace_rwmmio_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_write_mmio);
+EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_write);
+
+void log_post_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
+ unsigned long caller_addr)
+{
+ trace_rwmmio_post_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_write_mmio);
+EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_write);
+
+void log_read_mmio(u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
+ unsigned long caller_addr)
+{
+ trace_rwmmio_read(caller_addr, width, addr);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_read_mmio);
+EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_read);
+
+void log_post_read_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
+ unsigned long caller_addr)
+{
+ trace_rwmmio_post_read(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_read_mmio);
+EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_read);
+#endif /* CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS */
--
2.33.1



2022-05-11 09:20:07

by Sai Prakash Ranjan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

On 5/4/2022 4:58 PM, Sai Prakash Ranjan wrote:
> From: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>
>
> Generic MMIO read/write i.e., __raw_{read,write}{b,l,w,q} accessors
> are typically used to read/write from/to memory mapped registers
> and can cause hangs or some undefined behaviour in following few
> cases,
>
> * If the access to the register space is unclocked, for example: if
> there is an access to multimedia(MM) block registers without MM
> clocks.
>
> * If the register space is protected and not set to be accessible from
> non-secure world, for example: only EL3 (EL: Exception level) access
> is allowed and any EL2/EL1 access is forbidden.
>
> * If xPU(memory/register protection units) is controlling access to
> certain memory/register space for specific clients.
>
> and more...
>
> Such cases usually results in instant reboot/SErrors/NOC or interconnect
> hangs and tracing these register accesses can be very helpful to debug
> such issues during initial development stages and also in later stages.
>
> So use ftrace trace events to log such MMIO register accesses which
> provides rich feature set such as early enablement of trace events,
> filtering capability, dumping ftrace logs on console and many more.
>
> Sample output:
>
> rwmmio_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
> rwmmio_post_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
> rwmmio_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610
> rwmmio_post_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 val=0x0 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610
>
> Signed-off-by: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>
> Co-developed-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
> Signed-off-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
> ---
> arch/Kconfig | 3 ++
> arch/arm64/Kconfig | 1 +
> include/trace/events/rwmmio.h | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> lib/Kconfig | 7 +++
> lib/Makefile | 2 +
> lib/trace_readwrite.c | 47 +++++++++++++++++
> 6 files changed, 157 insertions(+)
> create mode 100644 include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
> create mode 100644 lib/trace_readwrite.c
>
> diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
> index 31c4fdc4a4ba..5e7aa17ed609 100644
> --- a/arch/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/Kconfig
> @@ -1369,6 +1369,9 @@ config ARCH_HAS_ELFCORE_COMPAT
> config ARCH_HAS_PARANOID_L1D_FLUSH
> bool
>
> +config ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> + bool
> +
> config DYNAMIC_SIGFRAME
> bool
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> index 20ea89d9ac2f..926e1a252b6f 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> @@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ config ARM64
> select ARCH_HAS_ZONE_DMA_SET if EXPERT
> select ARCH_HAVE_ELF_PROT
> select ARCH_HAVE_NMI_SAFE_CMPXCHG
> + select ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK if !PREEMPTION
> select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_BH if !PREEMPTION
> select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_IRQ if !PREEMPTION
> diff --git a/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..82edee9bf716
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
> +/*
> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
> + */
> +#undef TRACE_SYSTEM
> +#define TRACE_SYSTEM rwmmio
> +
> +#if !defined(_TRACE_RWMMIO_H) || defined(TRACE_HEADER_MULTI_READ)
> +#define _TRACE_RWMMIO_H
> +
> +#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
> +
> +DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(rwmmio_rw_template,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u64, val)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->val = val;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
> +);
> +
> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_write,
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
> +);
> +
> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_post_write,
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
> +);
> +
> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_read,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width, __entry->addr)
> +);
> +
> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_post_read,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u64, val)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->val = val;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
> +);
> +
> +#endif /* _TRACE_RWMMIO_H */
> +
> +#include <trace/define_trace.h>
> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
> index 087e06b4cdfd..5e2fd075724f 100644
> --- a/lib/Kconfig
> +++ b/lib/Kconfig
> @@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ config INDIRECT_IOMEM_FALLBACK
> mmio accesses when the IO memory address is not a registered
> emulated region.
>
> +config TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> + bool "Register read/write tracing"
> + depends on TRACING && ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> + help
> + Create tracepoints for MMIO read/write operations. These trace events
> + can be used for logging all MMIO read/write operations.
> +
> source "lib/crypto/Kconfig"
>
> config CRC_CCITT
> diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
> index 6b9ffc1bd1ee..3df7d24e65d2 100644
> --- a/lib/Makefile
> +++ b/lib/Makefile
> @@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ lib-y += logic_pio.o
>
> lib-$(CONFIG_INDIRECT_IOMEM) += logic_iomem.o
>
> +obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS) += trace_readwrite.o
> +
> obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o
>
> obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
> diff --git a/lib/trace_readwrite.c b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..88637038b30c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +/*
> + * Register read and write tracepoints
> + *
> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <asm-generic/io.h>
> +
> +#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
> +#include <trace/events/rwmmio.h>
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> +void log_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_write_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_write);
> +
> +void log_post_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_post_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_write_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_write);
> +
> +void log_read_mmio(u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_read(caller_addr, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_read_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_read);
> +
> +void log_post_read_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_post_read(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_read_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_read);
> +#endif /* CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS */

Hi Steve,

Could you please review this patch, it is the main one left for this series to get merged. All your
previous review comments have been incorporated, you can find them in  the cover letter changelog.

Thanks,
Sai

2022-05-17 12:17:07

by Sai Prakash Ranjan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

On 5/11/2022 9:21 AM, Sai Prakash Ranjan wrote:
> On 5/4/2022 4:58 PM, Sai Prakash Ranjan wrote:
>> From: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>
>>
>> Generic MMIO read/write i.e., __raw_{read,write}{b,l,w,q} accessors
>> are typically used to read/write from/to memory mapped registers
>> and can cause hangs or some undefined behaviour in following few
>> cases,
>>
>> * If the access to the register space is unclocked, for example: if
>>    there is an access to multimedia(MM) block registers without MM
>>    clocks.
>>
>> * If the register space is protected and not set to be accessible from
>>    non-secure world, for example: only EL3 (EL: Exception level) access
>>    is allowed and any EL2/EL1 access is forbidden.
>>
>> * If xPU(memory/register protection units) is controlling access to
>>    certain memory/register space for specific clients.
>>
>> and more...
>>
>> Such cases usually results in instant reboot/SErrors/NOC or interconnect
>> hangs and tracing these register accesses can be very helpful to debug
>> such issues during initial development stages and also in later stages.
>>
>> So use ftrace trace events to log such MMIO register accesses which
>> provides rich feature set such as early enablement of trace events,
>> filtering capability, dumping ftrace logs on console and many more.
>>
>> Sample output:
>>
>> rwmmio_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
>> rwmmio_post_write: __qcom_geni_serial_console_write+0x160/0x1e0 width=32 val=0xa0d5d addr=0xfffffbfffdbff700
>> rwmmio_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610
>> rwmmio_post_read: qcom_geni_serial_poll_bit+0x94/0x138 width=32 val=0x0 addr=0xfffffbfffdbff610
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Prasad Sodagudi <[email protected]>
>> Co-developed-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
>> Signed-off-by: Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]>
>> ---
>>   arch/Kconfig                  |  3 ++
>>   arch/arm64/Kconfig            |  1 +
>>   include/trace/events/rwmmio.h | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>>   lib/Kconfig                   |  7 +++
>>   lib/Makefile                  |  2 +
>>   lib/trace_readwrite.c         | 47 +++++++++++++++++
>>   6 files changed, 157 insertions(+)
>>   create mode 100644 include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
>>   create mode 100644 lib/trace_readwrite.c
>>
>> diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
>> index 31c4fdc4a4ba..5e7aa17ed609 100644
>> --- a/arch/Kconfig
>> +++ b/arch/Kconfig
>> @@ -1369,6 +1369,9 @@ config ARCH_HAS_ELFCORE_COMPAT
>>   config ARCH_HAS_PARANOID_L1D_FLUSH
>>       bool
>>   +config ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> +    bool
>> +
>>   config DYNAMIC_SIGFRAME
>>       bool
>>   diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
>> index 20ea89d9ac2f..926e1a252b6f 100644
>> --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
>> @@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ config ARM64
>>       select ARCH_HAS_ZONE_DMA_SET if EXPERT
>>       select ARCH_HAVE_ELF_PROT
>>       select ARCH_HAVE_NMI_SAFE_CMPXCHG
>> +    select ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>>       select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK if !PREEMPTION
>>       select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_BH if !PREEMPTION
>>       select ARCH_INLINE_READ_LOCK_IRQ if !PREEMPTION
>> diff --git a/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..82edee9bf716
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/include/trace/events/rwmmio.h
>> @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
>> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
>> +/*
>> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
>> + */
>> +#undef TRACE_SYSTEM
>> +#define TRACE_SYSTEM rwmmio
>> +
>> +#if !defined(_TRACE_RWMMIO_H) || defined(TRACE_HEADER_MULTI_READ)
>> +#define _TRACE_RWMMIO_H
>> +
>> +#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
>> +
>> +DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(rwmmio_rw_template,
>> +
>> +    TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> +        __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> +        __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> +        __field(u64, val)
>> +        __field(u8, width)
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_fast_assign(
>> +        __entry->caller = caller;
>> +        __entry->val = val;
>> +        __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> +        __entry->width = width;
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
>> +        (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
>> +        __entry->val, __entry->addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_write,
>> +    TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +    TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_post_write,
>> +    TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +    TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_read,
>> +
>> +    TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_ARGS(caller, width, addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> +        __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> +        __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> +        __field(u8, width)
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_fast_assign(
>> +        __entry->caller = caller;
>> +        __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> +        __entry->width = width;
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_printk("%pS width=%d addr=%#lx",
>> +         (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width, __entry->addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_post_read,
>> +
>> +    TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
>> +
>> +    TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> +        __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> +        __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> +        __field(u64, val)
>> +        __field(u8, width)
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_fast_assign(
>> +        __entry->caller = caller;
>> +        __entry->val = val;
>> +        __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> +        __entry->width = width;
>> +    ),
>> +
>> +    TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
>> +         (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
>> +         __entry->val, __entry->addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +#endif /* _TRACE_RWMMIO_H */
>> +
>> +#include <trace/define_trace.h>
>> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
>> index 087e06b4cdfd..5e2fd075724f 100644
>> --- a/lib/Kconfig
>> +++ b/lib/Kconfig
>> @@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ config INDIRECT_IOMEM_FALLBACK
>>         mmio accesses when the IO memory address is not a registered
>>         emulated region.
>>   +config TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> +    bool "Register read/write tracing"
>> +    depends on TRACING && ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> +    help
>> +      Create tracepoints for MMIO read/write operations. These trace events
>> +      can be used for logging all MMIO read/write operations.
>> +
>>   source "lib/crypto/Kconfig"
>>     config CRC_CCITT
>> diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
>> index 6b9ffc1bd1ee..3df7d24e65d2 100644
>> --- a/lib/Makefile
>> +++ b/lib/Makefile
>> @@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ lib-y += logic_pio.o
>>     lib-$(CONFIG_INDIRECT_IOMEM) += logic_iomem.o
>>   +obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS) += trace_readwrite.o
>> +
>>   obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o
>>     obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
>> diff --git a/lib/trace_readwrite.c b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..88637038b30c
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
>> +/*
>> + * Register read and write tracepoints
>> + *
>> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
>> + */
>> +
>> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
>> +#include <linux/module.h>
>> +#include <asm-generic/io.h>
>> +
>> +#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
>> +#include <trace/events/rwmmio.h>
>> +
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> +void log_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> +            unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> +    trace_rwmmio_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_write_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_write);
>> +
>> +void log_post_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> +             unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> +    trace_rwmmio_post_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_write_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_write);
>> +
>> +void log_read_mmio(u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> +           unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> +    trace_rwmmio_read(caller_addr, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_read_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_read);
>> +
>> +void log_post_read_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> +            unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> +    trace_rwmmio_post_read(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_read_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_read);
>> +#endif /* CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS */
>
> Hi Steve,
>
> Could you please review this patch, it is the main one left for this series to get merged. All your
> previous review comments have been incorporated, you can find them in  the cover letter changelog.
>
> Thanks,
> Sai

Hi Steve,

Could we get your blessing for this patch?

Thanks,
Sai

2022-05-18 14:13:55

by Steven Rostedt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

On Wed, 4 May 2022 16:58:24 +0530
Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]> wrote:

> +#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
> +
> +DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(rwmmio_rw_template,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u64, val)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->val = val;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,

__entry->caller is already defined as "unsigned long", why the extra
typecast?

> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
> +);
> +
> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_write,
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
> +);
> +
> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_post_write,
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
> +);
> +
> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_read,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width, __entry->addr)


Same here.

> +);
> +
> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_post_read,
> +
> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
> +
> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
> +
> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
> + __field(u64, val)
> + __field(u8, width)
> + ),
> +
> + TP_fast_assign(
> + __entry->caller = caller;
> + __entry->val = val;
> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
> + __entry->width = width;
> + ),
> +
> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,

And here.

> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
> +);
> +
> +#endif /* _TRACE_RWMMIO_H */
> +
> +#include <trace/define_trace.h>
> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
> index 087e06b4cdfd..5e2fd075724f 100644
> --- a/lib/Kconfig
> +++ b/lib/Kconfig
> @@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ config INDIRECT_IOMEM_FALLBACK
> mmio accesses when the IO memory address is not a registered
> emulated region.
>
> +config TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> + bool "Register read/write tracing"
> + depends on TRACING && ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> + help
> + Create tracepoints for MMIO read/write operations. These trace events
> + can be used for logging all MMIO read/write operations.
> +
> source "lib/crypto/Kconfig"
>
> config CRC_CCITT
> diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
> index 6b9ffc1bd1ee..3df7d24e65d2 100644
> --- a/lib/Makefile
> +++ b/lib/Makefile
> @@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ lib-y += logic_pio.o
>
> lib-$(CONFIG_INDIRECT_IOMEM) += logic_iomem.o
>
> +obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS) += trace_readwrite.o
> +
> obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o
>
> obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
> diff --git a/lib/trace_readwrite.c b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..88637038b30c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +/*
> + * Register read and write tracepoints
> + *
> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <asm-generic/io.h>
> +
> +#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
> +#include <trace/events/rwmmio.h>
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
> +void log_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,

Where's the header file that defines these functions? I would think it
should be in this patch as well.

-- Steve


> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_write_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_write);
> +
> +void log_post_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_post_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_write_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_write);
> +
> +void log_read_mmio(u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_read(caller_addr, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_read_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_read);
> +
> +void log_post_read_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
> + unsigned long caller_addr)
> +{
> + trace_rwmmio_post_read(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_read_mmio);
> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_read);
> +#endif /* CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS */


2022-05-18 15:20:01

by Sai Prakash Ranjan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

Hi Steve,

On 5/18/2022 7:37 PM, Steven Rostedt wrote:
> On Wed, 4 May 2022 16:58:24 +0530
> Sai Prakash Ranjan <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> +#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
>> +
>> +DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(rwmmio_rw_template,
>> +
>> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
>> +
>> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> + __field(u64, val)
>> + __field(u8, width)
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_fast_assign(
>> + __entry->caller = caller;
>> + __entry->val = val;
>> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> + __entry->width = width;
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
>> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
> __entry->caller is already defined as "unsigned long", why the extra
> typecast?

I remember seeing compilation errors without this change in early versions of
the series. Let me check this again.


>> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_write,
>> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +DEFINE_EVENT(rwmmio_rw_template, rwmmio_post_write,
>> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_read,
>> +
>> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> + TP_ARGS(caller, width, addr),
>> +
>> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> + __field(u8, width)
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_fast_assign(
>> + __entry->caller = caller;
>> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> + __entry->width = width;
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d addr=%#lx",
>> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width, __entry->addr)
>
> Same here.

Same as above.

>> +);
>> +
>> +TRACE_EVENT(rwmmio_post_read,
>> +
>> + TP_PROTO(unsigned long caller, u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr),
>> +
>> + TP_ARGS(caller, val, width, addr),
>> +
>> + TP_STRUCT__entry(
>> + __field(unsigned long, caller)
>> + __field(unsigned long, addr)
>> + __field(u64, val)
>> + __field(u8, width)
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_fast_assign(
>> + __entry->caller = caller;
>> + __entry->val = val;
>> + __entry->addr = (unsigned long)(void *)addr;
>> + __entry->width = width;
>> + ),
>> +
>> + TP_printk("%pS width=%d val=%#llx addr=%#lx",
>> + (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
> And here.

Same as above.

>> + __entry->val, __entry->addr)
>> +);
>> +
>> +#endif /* _TRACE_RWMMIO_H */
>> +
>> +#include <trace/define_trace.h>
>> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
>> index 087e06b4cdfd..5e2fd075724f 100644
>> --- a/lib/Kconfig
>> +++ b/lib/Kconfig
>> @@ -118,6 +118,13 @@ config INDIRECT_IOMEM_FALLBACK
>> mmio accesses when the IO memory address is not a registered
>> emulated region.
>>
>> +config TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> + bool "Register read/write tracing"
>> + depends on TRACING && ARCH_HAVE_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> + help
>> + Create tracepoints for MMIO read/write operations. These trace events
>> + can be used for logging all MMIO read/write operations.
>> +
>> source "lib/crypto/Kconfig"
>>
>> config CRC_CCITT
>> diff --git a/lib/Makefile b/lib/Makefile
>> index 6b9ffc1bd1ee..3df7d24e65d2 100644
>> --- a/lib/Makefile
>> +++ b/lib/Makefile
>> @@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ lib-y += logic_pio.o
>>
>> lib-$(CONFIG_INDIRECT_IOMEM) += logic_iomem.o
>>
>> +obj-$(CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS) += trace_readwrite.o
>> +
>> obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT) += hweight.o
>>
>> obj-$(CONFIG_BTREE) += btree.o
>> diff --git a/lib/trace_readwrite.c b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..88637038b30c
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/lib/trace_readwrite.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
>> +/*
>> + * Register read and write tracepoints
>> + *
>> + * Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Qualcomm Innovation Center, Inc. All rights reserved.
>> + */
>> +
>> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
>> +#include <linux/module.h>
>> +#include <asm-generic/io.h>
>> +
>> +#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
>> +#include <trace/events/rwmmio.h>
>> +
>> +#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS
>> +void log_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
> Where's the header file that defines these functions? I would think it
> should be in this patch as well.

It is present in "include/asm-generic/io.h" which is already included above.

Thanks,
Sai

> -- Steve
>
>
>> + unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> + trace_rwmmio_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_write_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_write);
>> +
>> +void log_post_write_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> + unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> + trace_rwmmio_post_write(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_write_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_write);
>> +
>> +void log_read_mmio(u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> + unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> + trace_rwmmio_read(caller_addr, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_read_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_read);
>> +
>> +void log_post_read_mmio(u64 val, u8 width, const volatile void __iomem *addr,
>> + unsigned long caller_addr)
>> +{
>> + trace_rwmmio_post_read(caller_addr, val, width, addr);
>> +}
>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(log_post_read_mmio);
>> +EXPORT_TRACEPOINT_SYMBOL_GPL(rwmmio_post_read);
>> +#endif /* CONFIG_TRACE_MMIO_ACCESS */


2022-05-18 16:52:11

by Sai Prakash Ranjan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCHv14 5/9] lib: Add register read/write tracing support

On 5/18/2022 8:48 PM, Sai Prakash Ranjan wrote:
> Hi Steve,
>
> On 5/18/2022 7:37 PM, Steven Rostedt wrote:
>>> +        (void *)(unsigned long)__entry->caller, __entry->width,
>> __entry->caller is already defined as "unsigned long", why the extra
>> typecast?
>
> I remember seeing compilation errors without this change in early versions of
> the series. Let me check this again.
>
>

No warnings or errors without this extra cast, yay. New version posted.

Thanks,
Sai