From: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
To: x86@kernel.org
Cc: luto@amacapital.net, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
        Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Subject: [PATCH 5/9] x86: Add documentation for rd/wr fs/gs base
Date: Mon, 21 Mar 2016 09:16:05 -0700
Message-Id: <1458576969-13309-6-git-send-email-andi@firstfloor.org>
In-Reply-To: <1458576969-13309-1-git-send-email-andi@firstfloor.org>
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From: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>

v2: Minor updates to documentation requested in review.
v3: Update for new gcc and various improvements.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
---
 Documentation/x86/fsgs.txt | 109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/fsgs.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/x86/fsgs.txt b/Documentation/x86/fsgs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d4a51f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/x86/fsgs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+
+Using FS and GS prefixes on 64bit x86 linux
+
+The x86 architecture supports segment prefixes per instruction to add an
+offset to an address.  On 64bit x86, these are mostly nops, except for FS
+and GS.
+
+This offers an efficient way to reference a global pointer.
+
+The compiler has to generate special code to use these base registers,
+or they can be accessed with inline assembler.
+
+	mov %gs:offset,%reg
+	mov %fs:offset,%reg
+
+On 64bit code, FS is used to address the thread local segment (TLS), declared using
+__thread.  The compiler then automatically generates the correct prefixes and
+relocations to access these values.
+
+FS is normally managed by the runtime code or the threading library
+Overwriting it can break a lot of things (including syscalls and gdb),
+but it can make sense to save/restore it for threading purposes.
+
+GS is freely available, but may need special (compiler or inline assembler)
+code to use.
+
+Traditionally 64bit FS and GS could be set by the arch_prctl system call
+
+	arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_GS, value)
+	arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, value)
+
+[There was also an older method using modify_ldt(), inherited from 32bit,
+but this is not discussed here.]
+
+However using a syscall is problematic for user space threading libraries
+that want to context switch in user space. The whole point of them
+is avoiding the overhead of a syscall. It's also cleaner for compilers
+wanting to use the extra register to use instructions to write
+it, or read it directly to compute addresses and offsets.
+
+Newer Intel CPUs (Ivy Bridge and later) added new instructions to directly
+access these registers quickly from user context
+
+	RDFSBASE %reg	read the FS base	(or _readfsbase_u64)
+	RDGSBASE %reg	read the GS base	(or _readgsbase_u64)
+
+	WRFSBASE %reg	write the FS base	(or _writefsbase_u64)
+	WRGSBASE %reg	write the GS base	(or _writegsbase_u64)
+
+If you use the intrinsics include <immintrin.h> and set the -mfsgsbase option.
+
+The instructions are supported by the CPU when the "fsgsbase" string is shown in
+/proc/cpuinfo (or directly retrieved through the CPUID instruction,
+7:0 (ebx), word 9, bit 0)
+
+The instructions are only available to 64bit binaries.
+
+In addition the kernel needs to explicitly enable these instructions, as it
+may otherwise not correctly context switch the state. Newer Linux
+kernels enable this. When the kernel did not enable the instruction
+they will fault with an #UD exception.
+
+An FSGSBASE enabled kernel can be detected by checking the AT_HWCAP2
+bitmask in the aux vector. When the HWCAP2_FSGSBASE bit is set the
+kernel supports RDFSGSBASE.
+
+	#include <sys/auxv.h>
+	#include <elf.h>
+
+	/* Will be eventually in asm/hwcap.h */
+	#define HWCAP2_FSGSBASE        (1 << 0)
+
+        unsigned val = getauxval(AT_HWCAP2);
+        if (val & HWCAP2_FSGSBASE) {
+                asm("wrgsbase %0" :: "r" (ptr));
+        }
+
+No extra CPUID check needed as the kernel will not set this bit if the CPU
+does not support it.
+
+Another requirement is that the FS or GS selector has to be zero
+(is normally true unless changed explicitly). When it non-zero
+the context switch assumes the bases were loaded through the LDT/GDT,
+and will reload that.
+
+gcc 6 will have special support to directly access data relative
+to fs/gs using the __seg_fs and __seg_gs address space pointer
+modifiers.
+
+#ifndef __SEG_GS
+#error "Need gcc 6 or later"
+#endif
+
+struct gsdata {
+	int a;
+	int b;
+} gsdata = { 1, 2 };
+
+int __seg_gs *valp = 0;		/* offset relative to GS */
+
+	/* Check if kernel supports FSGSBASE as above */
+
+	/* Set up new GS */
+	asm("wrgsbase %0" :: "r" (&gsdata));
+
+	/* Now the global pointer can be used normally */
+	printf("gsdata.a = %d\n", valp->a);
+
+Andi Kleen
-- 
2.5.5