Return-Path: Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1751744AbdH1VjI (ORCPT ); Mon, 28 Aug 2017 17:39:08 -0400 Received: from mail-pf0-f173.google.com ([209.85.192.173]:34412 "EHLO mail-pf0-f173.google.com" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1751290AbdH1VfT (ORCPT ); Mon, 28 Aug 2017 17:35:19 -0400 From: Kees Cook To: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Cc: Kees Cook , David Windsor , Christoph Lameter , Pekka Enberg , David Rientjes , Joonsoo Kim , Andrew Morton , linux-mm@kvack.org, kernel-hardening@lists.openwall.com Subject: [PATCH v2 01/30] usercopy: Prepare for usercopy whitelisting Date: Mon, 28 Aug 2017 14:34:42 -0700 Message-Id: <1503956111-36652-2-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.7.4 In-Reply-To: <1503956111-36652-1-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org> References: <1503956111-36652-1-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org> Sender: linux-kernel-owner@vger.kernel.org List-ID: X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Content-Length: 16211 Lines: 414 From: David Windsor This patch prepares the slab allocator to handle caches having annotations (useroffset and usersize) defining usercopy regions. This patch is modified from Brad Spengler/PaX Team's PAX_USERCOPY whitelisting code in the last public patch of grsecurity/PaX based on my understanding of the code. Changes or omissions from the original code are mine and don't reflect the original grsecurity/PaX code. Currently, hardened usercopy performs dynamic bounds checking on slab cache objects. This is good, but still leaves a lot of kernel memory available to be copied to/from userspace in the face of bugs. To further restrict what memory is available for copying, this creates a way to whitelist specific areas of a given slab cache object for copying to/from userspace, allowing much finer granularity of access control. Slab caches that are never exposed to userspace can declare no whitelist for their objects, thereby keeping them unavailable to userspace via dynamic copy operations. (Note, an implicit form of whitelisting is the use of constant sizes in usercopy operations and get_user()/put_user(); these bypass hardened usercopy checks since these sizes cannot change at runtime.) To support this whitelist annotation, usercopy region offset and size members are added to struct kmem_cache. The slab allocator receives a new function, kmem_cache_create_usercopy(), that creates a new cache with a usercopy region defined, suitable for declaring spans of fields within the objects that get copied to/from userspace. In this patch, the default kmem_cache_create() marks the entire allocation as whitelisted, leaving it semantically unchanged. Once all fine-grained whitelists have been added (in subsequent patches), this will be changed to a usersize of 0, making caches created with kmem_cache_create() not copyable to/from userspace. After the entire usercopy whitelist series is applied, less than 15% of the slab cache memory remains exposed to potential usercopy bugs after a fresh boot: Total Slab Memory: 48074720 Usercopyable Memory: 6367532 13.2% task_struct 0.2% 4480/1630720 RAW 0.3% 300/96000 RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768 ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 269760/8740224 dentry 11.1% 585984/5273856 mm_struct 29.1% 54912/188448 kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576 kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672 kmalloc-32 100.0% 81920/81920 kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768 kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360 names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840 kmalloc-64 100.0% 167936/167936 kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968 kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720 kmalloc-96 100.0% 455616/455616 kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360 kmalloc-1024 100.0% 812032/812032 kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200 kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1310720/1310720 After some kernel build workloads, the percentage (mainly driven by dentry and inode caches expanding) drops under 10%: Total Slab Memory: 95516184 Usercopyable Memory: 8497452 8.8% task_struct 0.2% 4000/1456000 RAW 0.3% 300/96000 RAWv6 2.1% 1408/64768 ext4_inode_cache 3.0% 1217280/39439872 dentry 11.1% 1623200/14608800 mm_struct 29.1% 73216/251264 kmalloc-8 100.0% 24576/24576 kmalloc-16 100.0% 28672/28672 kmalloc-32 100.0% 94208/94208 kmalloc-192 100.0% 96768/96768 kmalloc-128 100.0% 143360/143360 names_cache 100.0% 163840/163840 kmalloc-64 100.0% 245760/245760 kmalloc-256 100.0% 339968/339968 kmalloc-512 100.0% 350720/350720 kmalloc-96 100.0% 563520/563520 kmalloc-8192 100.0% 655360/655360 kmalloc-1024 100.0% 794624/794624 kmalloc-4096 100.0% 819200/819200 kmalloc-2048 100.0% 1257472/1257472 Signed-off-by: David Windsor [kees: adjust commit log, split out a few extra kmalloc hunks] [kees: add field names to function declarations] [kees: add attack surface reduction analysis to commit log] Cc: Christoph Lameter Cc: Pekka Enberg Cc: David Rientjes Cc: Joonsoo Kim Cc: Andrew Morton Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org Signed-off-by: Kees Cook --- include/linux/slab.h | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++------ include/linux/slab_def.h | 3 +++ include/linux/slub_def.h | 3 +++ include/linux/stddef.h | 2 ++ mm/slab.c | 2 +- mm/slab.h | 5 ++++- mm/slab_common.c | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- mm/slub.c | 11 +++++++++-- 8 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/include/linux/slab.h b/include/linux/slab.h index 41473df6dfb0..8b6cb384f8b6 100644 --- a/include/linux/slab.h +++ b/include/linux/slab.h @@ -126,9 +126,13 @@ struct mem_cgroup; void __init kmem_cache_init(void); bool slab_is_available(void); -struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create(const char *, size_t, size_t, - unsigned long, - void (*)(void *)); +struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, + size_t align, unsigned long flags, + void (*ctor)(void *)); +struct kmem_cache *kmem_cache_create_usercopy(const char *name, + size_t size, size_t align, unsigned long flags, + size_t useroffset, size_t usersize, + void (*ctor)(void *)); void kmem_cache_destroy(struct kmem_cache *); int kmem_cache_shrink(struct kmem_cache *); @@ -144,9 +148,20 @@ void memcg_destroy_kmem_caches(struct mem_cgroup *); * f.e. add ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp to the struct declaration * then the objects will be properly aligned in SMP configurations. */ -#define KMEM_CACHE(__struct, __flags) kmem_cache_create(#__struct,\ - sizeof(struct __struct), __alignof__(struct __struct),\ - (__flags), NULL) +#define KMEM_CACHE(__struct, __flags) \ + kmem_cache_create(#__struct, sizeof(struct __struct), \ + __alignof__(struct __struct), (__flags), NULL) + +/* + * To whitelist a single field for copying to/from usercopy, use this + * macro instead for KMEM_CACHE() above. + */ +#define KMEM_CACHE_USERCOPY(__struct, __flags, __field) \ + kmem_cache_create_usercopy(#__struct, \ + sizeof(struct __struct), \ + __alignof__(struct __struct), (__flags), \ + offsetof(struct __struct, __field), \ + sizeof_field(struct __struct, __field), NULL) /* * Common kmalloc functions provided by all allocators diff --git a/include/linux/slab_def.h b/include/linux/slab_def.h index 4ad2c5a26399..03eef0df8648 100644 --- a/include/linux/slab_def.h +++ b/include/linux/slab_def.h @@ -84,6 +84,9 @@ struct kmem_cache { unsigned int *random_seq; #endif + size_t useroffset; /* Usercopy region offset */ + size_t usersize; /* Usercopy region size */ + struct kmem_cache_node *node[MAX_NUMNODES]; }; diff --git a/include/linux/slub_def.h b/include/linux/slub_def.h index cc0faf3a90be..7f373a8ee155 100644 --- a/include/linux/slub_def.h +++ b/include/linux/slub_def.h @@ -130,6 +130,9 @@ struct kmem_cache { struct kasan_cache kasan_info; #endif + size_t useroffset; /* Usercopy region offset */ + size_t usersize; /* Usercopy region size */ + struct kmem_cache_node *node[MAX_NUMNODES]; }; diff --git a/include/linux/stddef.h b/include/linux/stddef.h index 9c61c7cda936..f00355086fb2 100644 --- a/include/linux/stddef.h +++ b/include/linux/stddef.h @@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ enum { #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) #endif +#define sizeof_field(structure, field) sizeof((((structure *)0)->field)) + /** * offsetofend(TYPE, MEMBER) * diff --git a/mm/slab.c b/mm/slab.c index 04dec48c3ed7..87b6e5e0cdaf 100644 --- a/mm/slab.c +++ b/mm/slab.c @@ -1281,7 +1281,7 @@ void __init kmem_cache_init(void) create_boot_cache(kmem_cache, "kmem_cache", offsetof(struct kmem_cache, node) + nr_node_ids * sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node *), - SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN); + SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN, 0, 0); list_add(&kmem_cache->list, &slab_caches); slab_state = PARTIAL; diff --git a/mm/slab.h b/mm/slab.h index 6885e1192ec5..5d4b0fb6b7de 100644 --- a/mm/slab.h +++ b/mm/slab.h @@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ struct kmem_cache { unsigned int size; /* The aligned/padded/added on size */ unsigned int align; /* Alignment as calculated */ unsigned long flags; /* Active flags on the slab */ + size_t useroffset; /* Usercopy region offset */ + size_t usersize; /* Usercopy region size */ const char *name; /* Slab name for sysfs */ int refcount; /* Use counter */ void (*ctor)(void *); /* Called on object slot creation */ @@ -96,7 +98,8 @@ extern int __kmem_cache_create(struct kmem_cache *, unsigned long flags); extern struct kmem_cache *create_kmalloc_cache(const char *name, size_t size, unsigned long flags); extern void create_boot_cache(struct kmem_cache *, const char *name, - size_t size, unsigned long flags); + size_t size, unsigned long flags, size_t useroffset, + size_t usersize); int slab_unmergeable(struct kmem_cache *s); struct kmem_cache *find_mergeable(size_t size, size_t align, diff --git a/mm/slab_common.c b/mm/slab_common.c index 904a83be82de..4b1bca7c1a42 100644 --- a/mm/slab_common.c +++ b/mm/slab_common.c @@ -272,6 +272,9 @@ int slab_unmergeable(struct kmem_cache *s) if (s->ctor) return 1; + if (s->usersize) + return 1; + /* * We may have set a slab to be unmergeable during bootstrap. */ @@ -357,12 +360,15 @@ unsigned long calculate_alignment(unsigned long flags, static struct kmem_cache *create_cache(const char *name, size_t object_size, size_t size, size_t align, - unsigned long flags, void (*ctor)(void *), + unsigned long flags, size_t useroffset, + size_t usersize, void (*ctor)(void *), struct mem_cgroup *memcg, struct kmem_cache *root_cache) { struct kmem_cache *s; int err; + BUG_ON(useroffset + usersize > object_size); + err = -ENOMEM; s = kmem_cache_zalloc(kmem_cache, GFP_KERNEL); if (!s) @@ -373,6 +379,8 @@ static struct kmem_cache *create_cache(const char *name, s->size = size; s->align = align; s->ctor = ctor; + s->useroffset = useroffset; + s->usersize = usersize; err = init_memcg_params(s, memcg, root_cache); if (err) @@ -397,11 +405,13 @@ static struct kmem_cache *create_cache(const char *name, } /* - * kmem_cache_create - Create a cache. + * kmem_cache_create_usercopy - Create a cache. * @name: A string which is used in /proc/slabinfo to identify this cache. * @size: The size of objects to be created in this cache. * @align: The required alignment for the objects. * @flags: SLAB flags + * @useroffset: Usercopy region offset + * @usersize: Usercopy region size * @ctor: A constructor for the objects. * * Returns a ptr to the cache on success, NULL on failure. @@ -421,8 +431,9 @@ static struct kmem_cache *create_cache(const char *name, * as davem. */ struct kmem_cache * -kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, - unsigned long flags, void (*ctor)(void *)) +kmem_cache_create_usercopy(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, + unsigned long flags, size_t useroffset, size_t usersize, + void (*ctor)(void *)) { struct kmem_cache *s = NULL; const char *cache_name; @@ -453,7 +464,10 @@ kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, */ flags &= CACHE_CREATE_MASK; - s = __kmem_cache_alias(name, size, align, flags, ctor); + BUG_ON(!usersize && useroffset); + BUG_ON(size < usersize || size - usersize < useroffset); + if (!usersize) + s = __kmem_cache_alias(name, size, align, flags, ctor); if (s) goto out_unlock; @@ -465,7 +479,7 @@ kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, s = create_cache(cache_name, size, size, calculate_alignment(flags, align, size), - flags, ctor, NULL, NULL); + flags, useroffset, usersize, ctor, NULL, NULL); if (IS_ERR(s)) { err = PTR_ERR(s); kfree_const(cache_name); @@ -491,6 +505,15 @@ kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, } return s; } +EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_create_usercopy); + +struct kmem_cache * +kmem_cache_create(const char *name, size_t size, size_t align, + unsigned long flags, void (*ctor)(void *)) +{ + return kmem_cache_create_usercopy(name, size, align, flags, 0, size, + ctor); +} EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmem_cache_create); static void slab_caches_to_rcu_destroy_workfn(struct work_struct *work) @@ -603,6 +626,7 @@ void memcg_create_kmem_cache(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, s = create_cache(cache_name, root_cache->object_size, root_cache->size, root_cache->align, root_cache->flags & CACHE_CREATE_MASK, + root_cache->useroffset, root_cache->usersize, root_cache->ctor, memcg, root_cache); /* * If we could not create a memcg cache, do not complain, because @@ -870,13 +894,15 @@ bool slab_is_available(void) #ifndef CONFIG_SLOB /* Create a cache during boot when no slab services are available yet */ void __init create_boot_cache(struct kmem_cache *s, const char *name, size_t size, - unsigned long flags) + unsigned long flags, size_t useroffset, size_t usersize) { int err; s->name = name; s->size = s->object_size = size; s->align = calculate_alignment(flags, ARCH_KMALLOC_MINALIGN, size); + s->useroffset = useroffset; + s->usersize = usersize; slab_init_memcg_params(s); @@ -897,7 +923,7 @@ struct kmem_cache *__init create_kmalloc_cache(const char *name, size_t size, if (!s) panic("Out of memory when creating slab %s\n", name); - create_boot_cache(s, name, size, flags); + create_boot_cache(s, name, size, flags, 0, size); list_add(&s->list, &slab_caches); memcg_link_cache(s); s->refcount = 1; diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c index 1d3f9835f4ea..dfed8ef99b68 100644 --- a/mm/slub.c +++ b/mm/slub.c @@ -4165,7 +4165,7 @@ void __init kmem_cache_init(void) kmem_cache = &boot_kmem_cache; create_boot_cache(kmem_cache_node, "kmem_cache_node", - sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node), SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN); + sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node), SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN, 0, 0); register_hotmemory_notifier(&slab_memory_callback_nb); @@ -4175,7 +4175,7 @@ void __init kmem_cache_init(void) create_boot_cache(kmem_cache, "kmem_cache", offsetof(struct kmem_cache, node) + nr_node_ids * sizeof(struct kmem_cache_node *), - SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN); + SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN, 0, 0); kmem_cache = bootstrap(&boot_kmem_cache); @@ -5045,6 +5045,12 @@ static ssize_t cache_dma_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf) SLAB_ATTR_RO(cache_dma); #endif +static ssize_t usersize_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf) +{ + return sprintf(buf, "%zu\n", s->usersize); +} +SLAB_ATTR_RO(usersize); + static ssize_t destroy_by_rcu_show(struct kmem_cache *s, char *buf) { return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", !!(s->flags & SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU)); @@ -5419,6 +5425,7 @@ static struct attribute *slab_attrs[] = { #ifdef CONFIG_FAILSLAB &failslab_attr.attr, #endif + &usersize_attr.attr, NULL }; -- 2.7.4