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From:   Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
To:     Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com>, Albert Ou <albert@sifive.com>,
        "Peter Zijlstra" <peterz@infradead.org>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>,
        "Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo" <acme@kernel.org>,
        Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>,
        Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>,
        "Namhyung Kim" <namhyung@kernel.org>,
        Alex Solomatnikov <sols@sifive.com>,
        "Jonathan Corbet" <corbet@lwn.net>,
        <linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org>, <linux-doc@vger.kernel.org>,
        <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>
CC:     Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>, Nick Hu <nickhu@andestech.com>,
        Greentime Hu <greentime@andestech.com>
Subject: [PATCH v4 2/2] perf: riscv: Add Document for Future Porting Guide
Date:   Wed, 18 Apr 2018 10:12:03 +0800
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Reviewed-by: Alex Solomatnikov <sols@sifive.com>
Cc: Nick Hu <nickhu@andestech.com>
Cc: Greentime Hu <greentime@andestech.com>
Signed-off-by: Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>
---
 Documentation/riscv/pmu.txt | 249 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 249 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/riscv/pmu.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/riscv/pmu.txt b/Documentation/riscv/pmu.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b29f03a6d82f
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+++ b/Documentation/riscv/pmu.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+Supporting PMUs on RISC-V platforms
+==========================================
+Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>, Mar 2018
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+As of this writing, perf_event-related features mentioned in The RISC-V ISA
+Privileged Version 1.10 are as follows:
+(please check the manual for more details)
+
+* [m|s]counteren
+* mcycle[h], cycle[h]
+* minstret[h], instret[h]
+* mhpeventx, mhpcounterx[h]
+
+With such function set only, porting perf would require a lot of work, due to
+the lack of the following general architectural performance monitoring features:
+
+* Enabling/Disabling counters
+  Counters are just free-running all the time in our case.
+* Interrupt caused by counter overflow
+  No such feature in the spec.
+* Interrupt indicator
+  It is not possible to have many interrupt ports for all counters, so an
+  interrupt indicator is required for software to tell which counter has
+  just overflowed.
+* Writing to counters
+  There will be an SBI to support this since the kernel cannot modify the
+  counters [1].  Alternatively, some vendor considers to implement
+  hardware-extension for M-S-U model machines to write counters directly.
+
+This document aims to provide developers a quick guide on supporting their
+PMUs in the kernel.  The following sections briefly explain perf' mechanism
+and todos.
+
+You may check previous discussions here [1][2].  Also, it might be helpful
+to check the appendix for related kernel structures.
+
+
+1. Initialization
+-----------------
+
+*riscv_pmu* is a global pointer of type *struct riscv_pmu*, which contains
+various methods according to perf's internal convention and PMU-specific
+parameters.  One should declare such instance to represent the PMU.  By default,
+*riscv_pmu* points to a constant structure *riscv_base_pmu*, which has very
+basic support to a baseline QEMU model.
+
+Then he/she can either assign the instance's pointer to *riscv_pmu* so that
+the minimal and already-implemented logic can be leveraged, or invent his/her
+own *riscv_init_platform_pmu* implementation.
+
+In other words, existing sources of *riscv_base_pmu* merely provide a
+reference implementation.  Developers can flexibly decide how many parts they
+can leverage, and in the most extreme case, they can customize every function
+according to their needs.
+
+
+2. Event Initialization
+-----------------------
+
+When a user launches a perf command to monitor some events, it is first
+interpreted by the userspace perf tool into multiple *perf_event_open*
+system calls, and then each of them calls to the body of *event_init*
+member function that was assigned in the previous step.  In *riscv_base_pmu*'s
+case, it is *riscv_event_init*.
+
+The main purpose of this function is to translate the event provided by user
+into bitmap, so that HW-related control registers or counters can directly be
+manipulated.  The translation is based on the mappings and methods provided in
+*riscv_pmu*.
+
+Note that some features can be done in this stage as well:
+
+(1) interrupt setting, which is stated in the next section;
+(2) privilege level setting (user space only, kernel space only, both);
+(3) destructor setting.  Normally it is sufficient to apply *riscv_destroy_event*;
+(4) tweaks for non-sampling events, which will be utilized by functions such as
+*perf_adjust_period*, usually something like the follows:
+
+if (!is_sampling_event(event)) {
+        hwc->sample_period = x86_pmu.max_period;
+        hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
+        local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);
+}
+
+In the case of *riscv_base_pmu*, only (3) is provided for now.
+
+
+3. Interrupt
+------------
+
+3.1. Interrupt Initialization
+
+This often occurs at the beginning of the *event_init* method. In common
+practice, this should be a code segment like
+
+int x86_reserve_hardware(void)
+{
+        int err = 0;
+
+        if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&pmc_refcount)) {
+                mutex_lock(&pmc_reserve_mutex);
+                if (atomic_read(&pmc_refcount) == 0) {
+                        if (!reserve_pmc_hardware())
+                                err = -EBUSY;
+                        else
+                                reserve_ds_buffers();
+                }
+                if (!err)
+                        atomic_inc(&pmc_refcount);
+                mutex_unlock(&pmc_reserve_mutex);
+        }
+
+        return err;
+}
+
+And the magic is in *reserve_pmc_hardware*, which usually does atomic
+operations to make implemented IRQ accessible from some global function pointer.
+*release_pmc_hardware* serves the opposite purpose, and it is used in event
+destructors mentioned in previous section.
+
+(Note: From the implementations in all the architectures, the *reserve/release*
+pair are always IRQ settings, so the *pmc_hardware* seems somehow misleading.
+It does NOT deal with the binding between an event and a physical counter,
+which will be introduced in the next section.)
+
+3.2. IRQ Structure
+
+Basically, a IRQ runs the following pseudo code:
+
+for each hardware counter that triggered this overflow
+
+    get the event of this counter
+
+    // following two steps are defined as *read()*,
+    // check the section Reading/Writing Counters for details.
+    count the delta value since previous interrupt
+    update the event->count (# event occurs) by adding delta, and
+               event->hw.period_left by subtracting delta
+
+    if the event overflows
+        sample data
+        set the counter appropriately for the next overflow
+
+        if the event overflows again
+            too frequently, throttle this event
+        fi
+    fi
+
+end for
+
+However as of this writing, none of the RISC-V implementations have designed an
+interrupt for perf, so the details are to be completed in the future.
+
+4. Reading/Writing Counters
+---------------------------
+
+They seem symmetric but perf treats them quite differently.  For reading, there
+is a *read* interface in *struct pmu*, but it serves more than just reading.
+According to the context, the *read* function not only reads the content of the
+counter (event->count), but also updates the left period to the next interrupt
+(event->hw.period_left).
+
+But the core of perf does not need direct write to counters.  Writing counters
+is hidden behind the abstraction of 1) *pmu->start*, literally start counting so one
+has to set the counter to a good value for the next interrupt; 2) inside the IRQ
+it should set the counter to the same resonable value.
+
+Reading is not a problem in RISC-V but writing would need some effort, since
+counters are not allowed to be written by S-mode.
+
+
+5. add()/del()/start()/stop()
+-----------------------------
+
+Basic idea: add()/del() adds/deletes events to/from a PMU, and start()/stop()
+starts/stop the counter of some event in the PMU.  All of them take the same
+arguments: *struct perf_event *event* and *int flag*.
+
+Consider perf as a state machine, then you will find that these functions serve
+as the state transition process between those states.
+Three states (event->hw.state) are defined:
+
+* PERF_HES_STOPPED:	the counter is stopped
+* PERF_HES_UPTODATE:	the event->count is up-to-date
+* PERF_HES_ARCH:	arch-dependent usage ... we don't need this for now
+
+A normal flow of these state transitions are as follows:
+
+* A user launches a perf event, resulting in calling to *event_init*.
+* When being context-switched in, *add* is called by the perf core, with a flag
+  PERF_EF_START, which means that the event should be started after it is added.
+  At this stage, a general event is bound to a physical counter, if any.
+  The state changes to PERF_HES_STOPPED and PERF_HES_UPTODATE, because it is now
+  stopped, and the (software) event count does not need updating.
+** *start* is then called, and the counter is enabled.
+   With flag PERF_EF_RELOAD, it writes an appropriate value to the counter (check
+   previous section for detail).
+   Nothing is written if the flag does not contain PERF_EF_RELOAD.
+   The state now is reset to none, because it is neither stopped nor updated
+   (the counting already started)
+* When being context-switched out, *del* is called.  It then checks out all the
+  events in the PMU and calls *stop* to update their counts.
+** *stop* is called by *del*
+   and the perf core with flag PERF_EF_UPDATE, and it often shares the same
+   subroutine as *read* with the same logic.
+   The state changes to PERF_HES_STOPPED and PERF_HES_UPTODATE, again.
+
+** Life cycle of these two pairs: *add* and *del* are called repeatedly as
+  tasks switch in-and-out; *start* and *stop* is also called when the perf core
+  needs a quick stop-and-start, for instance, when the interrupt period is being
+  adjusted.
+
+Current implementation is sufficient for now and can be easily extended to
+features in the future.
+
+A. Related Structures
+---------------------
+
+* struct pmu: include/linux/perf_event.h
+* struct riscv_pmu: arch/riscv/include/asm/perf_event.h
+
+  Both structures are designed to be read-only.
+
+  *struct pmu* defines some function pointer interfaces, and most of them take
+*struct perf_event* as a main argument, dealing with perf events according to
+perf's internal state machine (check kernel/events/core.c for details).
+
+  *struct riscv_pmu* defines PMU-specific parameters.  The naming follows the
+convention of all other architectures.
+
+* struct perf_event: include/linux/perf_event.h
+* struct hw_perf_event
+
+  The generic structure that represents perf events, and the hardware-related
+details.
+
+* struct riscv_hw_events: arch/riscv/include/asm/perf_event.h
+
+  The structure that holds the status of events, has two fixed members:
+the number of events and the array of the events.
+
+References
+----------
+
+[1] https://github.com/riscv/riscv-linux/pull/124
+[2] https://groups.google.com/a/groups.riscv.org/forum/#!topic/sw-dev/f19TmCNP6yA
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