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Date:   Tue, 10 Jul 2018 10:12:29 -0700
From:   "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:     Joel Fernandes <joelaf@google.com>
Cc:     Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>,
        Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>,
        Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@gmail.com>,
        Daniel Colascione <dancol@google.com>,
        Alexei Starovoitov <ast@fb.com>,
        linux-kernel <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
        Tim Murray <timmurray@google.com>,
        Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>,
        netdev <netdev@vger.kernel.org>, fengc@google.com
Subject: Re: [RFC] Add BPF_SYNCHRONIZE bpf(2) command
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On Tue, Jul 10, 2018 at 09:57:44AM -0700, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> On Tue, Jul 10, 2018 at 09:42:12AM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > On Mon, Jul 09, 2018 at 10:13:47PM -0700, Joel Fernandes wrote:
> > > On Sun, Jul 08, 2018 at 04:54:38PM -0400, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> > > > ----- On Jul 7, 2018, at 4:33 PM, Joel Fernandes joelaf@google.com wrote:
> > > > 
> > > > > On Fri, Jul 06, 2018 at 07:54:28PM -0700, Alexei Starovoitov wrote:
> > > > >> On Fri, Jul 06, 2018 at 06:56:16PM -0700, Daniel Colascione wrote:
> > > > >> > BPF_SYNCHRONIZE waits for any BPF programs active at the time of
> > > > >> > BPF_SYNCHRONIZE to complete, allowing userspace to ensure atomicity of
> > > > >> > RCU data structure operations with respect to active programs. For
> > > > >> > example, userspace can update a map->map entry to point to a new map,
> > > > >> > use BPF_SYNCHRONIZE to wait for any BPF programs using the old map to
> > > > >> > complete, and then drain the old map without fear that BPF programs
> > > > >> > may still be updating it.
> > > > >> > 
> > > > >> > Signed-off-by: Daniel Colascione <dancol@google.com>
> > > > >> > ---
> > > > >> >  include/uapi/linux/bpf.h |  1 +
> > > > >> >  kernel/bpf/syscall.c     | 14 ++++++++++++++
> > > > >> >  2 files changed, 15 insertions(+)
> > > > >> > 
> > > > >> > diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > > > >> > index b7db3261c62d..4365c50e8055 100644
> > > > >> > --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > > > >> > +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > > > >> > @@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ enum bpf_cmd {
> > > > >> >  	BPF_BTF_LOAD,
> > > > >> >  	BPF_BTF_GET_FD_BY_ID,
> > > > >> >  	BPF_TASK_FD_QUERY,
> > > > >> > +	BPF_SYNCHRONIZE,
> > > > >> >  };
> > > > >> >  
> > > > >> >  enum bpf_map_type {
> > > > >> > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > > > >> > index d10ecd78105f..60ec7811846e 100644
> > > > >> > --- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > > > >> > +++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > > > >> > @@ -2272,6 +2272,20 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE3(bpf, int, cmd, union bpf_attr __user *,
> > > > >> > uattr, unsigned int, siz
> > > > >> >  	if (sysctl_unprivileged_bpf_disabled && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
> > > > >> >  		return -EPERM;
> > > > >> >  
> > > > >> > +	if (cmd == BPF_SYNCHRONIZE) {
> > > > >> > +		if (uattr != NULL || size != 0)
> > > > >> > +			return -EINVAL;
> > > > >> > +		err = security_bpf(cmd, NULL, 0);
> > > > >> > +		if (err < 0)
> > > > >> > +			return err;
> > > > >> > +		/* BPF programs are run with preempt disabled, so
> > > > >> > +		 * synchronize_sched is sufficient even with
> > > > >> > +		 * RCU_PREEMPT.
> > > > >> > +		 */
> > > > >> > +		synchronize_sched();
> > > > >> > +		return 0;
> > > > >> 
> > > > >> I don't think it's necessary. sys_membarrier() can do this already
> > > > >> and some folks use it exactly for this use case.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Alexei, the use of sys_membarrier for this purpose seems kind of weird to me
> > > > > though. No where does the manpage say membarrier should be implemented this
> > > > > way so what happens if the implementation changes?
> > > > > 
> > > > > Further, membarrier manpage says that a memory barrier should be matched with
> > > > > a matching barrier. In this use case there is no matching barrier, so it
> > > > > makes it weirder.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Lastly, sys_membarrier seems will not work on nohz-full systems, so its a bit
> > > > > fragile to depend on it for this?
> > > > > 
> > > > >        case MEMBARRIER_CMD_GLOBAL:
> > > > >                /* MEMBARRIER_CMD_GLOBAL is not compatible with nohz_full. */
> > > > >                if (tick_nohz_full_enabled())
> > > > >                        return -EINVAL;
> > > > >                if (num_online_cpus() > 1)
> > > > >                        synchronize_sched();
> > > > >                return 0;
> > > > > 
> > > > > 
> > > > > Adding Mathieu as well who I believe is author/maintainer of membarrier.
> > > > 
> > > > See commit 907565337
> > > > "Fix: Disable sys_membarrier when nohz_full is enabled"
> > > > 
> > > > "Userspace applications should be allowed to expect the membarrier system
> > > > call with MEMBARRIER_CMD_SHARED command to issue memory barriers on
> > > > nohz_full CPUs, but synchronize_sched() does not take those into
> > > > account."
> > > > 
> > > > So AFAIU you'd want to re-use membarrier to issue synchronize_sched, and you
> > > > only care about kernel preempt off critical sections.
> > > 
> > > Mathieu, Thanks a lot for your reply. I understand what you said and agree
> > > with you. Slight OT, but I tried to go back to first principles and
> > > understand how membarrier() uses synchronize_sched() for the "slow path" and
> > > it didn't make immediate sense to me. Let me clarify my dillema..
> > > 
> > > My understanding is membarrier's MEMBARRIER_CMD_GLOBAL will employ
> > > synchronize_sched to make sure all other CPUs aren't executing anymore in an
> > > section of usercode that happen to be accessing memory that was written to
> > > before the membarrier call was made. To do this, the system call will use
> > > synchronize_sched to try to guarantee that all user-mode execution that
> > > started before the membarrier call would be completed when the membarrier
> > > call returns. This guarantees that without using a real memory barrier on the
> > > "fast path", things work just fine and everyone wins.
> > > 
> > > But, going through RCU code, I see that a "RCU-sched quiecent state" on a CPU
> > > may be reached when the CPU receives a timer tick while executing in user
> > > mode:
> > > 
> > > void rcu_check_callbacks(int user)
> > > {
> > > 	trace_rcu_utilization(TPS("Start scheduler-tick"));
> > > 	increment_cpu_stall_ticks();
> > > 	if (user || rcu_is_cpu_rrupt_from_idle()) {
> > > [...]
> > > 		rcu_sched_qs();
> > > 		rcu_bh_qs();
> > > 
> > > The problem I see is the CPU could be executing usermode code at the time of
> > > the RCU sched-QS. This IMO is enough reason for synchronize_sched() to
> > > return, because the CPU in question just reported a QS (assuming all other
> > > CPUs also happen to do so if they needed to).
> > 
> > This scenario will have inserted the needed smp_mb() into the userspace
> > instruction execution stream, as is required by the sys_membarrier
> > use cases.
> 
> Oh ok, that makes sense!
> 
> > > Then I am wondering how does the membarrier call even work, the tick could
> > > very well have interrupted the CPU while it was executing usermode code in
> > > the middle of a set of instructions performing memory accesses. Reporting a
> > > quiescent state at such an inopportune time would cause the membarrier call
> > > to prematurely return, no? Sorry if I missed something.
> > 
> > One way to think of sys_membarrier() is as something that promotes a
> > barrier() to an smp_mb().  This barrier then separates the target CPU's
> > accesses that the caller saw before the sys_membarrier() from that same
> > CPU's accesses that the caller will see after the sys_membarrier().
> 
> Got it!
> 
> > > The other question I have is about the whole "nohz-full doesn't work" thing.
> > > I didn't fully understand why. RCU is already tracking the state of nohz-full
> > > CPUs because the rcu dynticks code in (kernel/rcu/tree.c) monitors
> > > transitions to and from usermode even if the timer tick is turned off. So why
> > > would it not work?
> > 
> > In the nohz_full case, there is no need for sys_membarrier()'s call to
> > synchronize_sched() to interact directly with the nohz_full CPU.  It
> > can instead look at the target CPU's dyntick-idle state, and that state
> > would potentially have been set in the dim distant past, thus having
> > no effect on the target CPU's current execution.
> 
> In nohz-idle case though, there's nothing to promote the barrier() to
> smp_mb() if you were to purely look at the dynticks-idle state on the
> nohz-full CPU executing in user mode?
> 
> So then it makes sense to me now that nohz-full needs something to IPI that
> CPU inorder to enforce the needed memory barrier and pure synchronize_sched()
> wouldn't work. So then makes me think the expedited versions of
> synchronize_sched should be able to do the job but I could off on a different
> track..

The problem is that the expedited versions also check the dyntick-idle
state and don't touch idle (or nohz_full usermode) CPUs.  This is by
design for the battery-powered embedded use case.  ;-)

							Thanx, Paul

> Thanks a lot,
> 
> -Joel
> 
>