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Date:   Fri, 8 Mar 2019 10:58:35 +0000
From:   Russell King - ARM Linux admin <linux@armlinux.org.uk>
To:     Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc:     Mikael Pettersson <mikpelinux@gmail.com>,
        Mikael Pettersson <mikpe@it.uu.se>,
        Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>,
        Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>,
        LKML <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>,
        Darren Hart <dvhart@infradead.org>,
        Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>,
        Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>,
        Linux ARM <linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 2/2] ARM: futex: make futex_detect_cmpxchg more reliable
Message-ID: <20190308105835.tovswk5rwxusmxdu@shell.armlinux.org.uk>
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On Fri, Mar 08, 2019 at 11:45:21AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> On Fri, 8 Mar 2019 at 11:34, Russell King - ARM Linux admin
> <linux@armlinux.org.uk> wrote:
> >
> > On Fri, Mar 08, 2019 at 11:08:40AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> > > On Fri, 8 Mar 2019 at 10:53, Russell King - ARM Linux admin
> > > <linux@armlinux.org.uk> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > On Fri, Mar 08, 2019 at 09:57:45AM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> > > > > On Fri, 8 Mar 2019 at 00:49, Russell King - ARM Linux admin
> > > > > <linux@armlinux.org.uk> wrote:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > On Thu, Mar 07, 2019 at 11:39:08AM -0800, Nick Desaulniers wrote:
> > > > > > > On Thu, Mar 7, 2019 at 1:15 AM Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> wrote:
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Passing registers containing zero as both the address (NULL pointer)
> > > > > > > > and data into cmpxchg_futex_value_locked() leads clang to assign
> > > > > > > > the same register for both inputs on ARM, which triggers a warning
> > > > > > > > explaining that this instruction has unpredictable behavior on ARMv5.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > /tmp/futex-7e740e.s: Assembler messages:
> > > > > > > > /tmp/futex-7e740e.s:12713: Warning: source register same as write-back base
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > This patch was suggested by Mikael Pettersson back in 2011 (!) with gcc-4.4,
> > > > > > > > as Mikael wrote:
> > > > > > > >  "One way of fixing this is to make uaddr an input/output register, since
> > > > > > > >  "that prevents it from overlapping any other input or output."
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > but then withdrawn as the warning was determined to be harmless, and it
> > > > > > > > apparently never showed up again with later gcc versions.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Now the same problem is back when compiling with clang, and we are trying
> > > > > > > > to get clang to build the kernel without warnings, as gcc normally does.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Cc: Mikael Pettersson <mikpe@it.uu.se>
> > > > > > > > Cc: Mikael Pettersson <mikpelinux@gmail.com>
> > > > > > > > Cc: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>
> > > > > > > > Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-arm-kernel/20009.45690.158286.161591@pilspetsen.it.uu.se/
> > > > > > > > Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
> > > > > > > > ---
> > > > > > > >  arch/arm/include/asm/futex.h | 10 +++++-----
> > > > > > > >  1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/futex.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/futex.h
> > > > > > > > index 0a46676b4245..79790912974e 100644
> > > > > > > > --- a/arch/arm/include/asm/futex.h
> > > > > > > > +++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/futex.h
> > > > > > > > @@ -110,13 +110,13 @@ futex_atomic_cmpxchg_inatomic(u32 *uval, u32 __user *uaddr,
> > > > > > > >         preempt_disable();
> > > > > > > >         __ua_flags = uaccess_save_and_enable();
> > > > > > > >         __asm__ __volatile__("@futex_atomic_cmpxchg_inatomic\n"
> > > > > > > > -       "1:     " TUSER(ldr) "  %1, [%4]\n"
> > > > > > > > -       "       teq     %1, %2\n"
> > > > > > > > +       "1:     " TUSER(ldr) "  %1, [%2]\n"
> > > > > > > > +       "       teq     %1, %3\n"
> > > > > > > >         "       it      eq      @ explicit IT needed for the 2b label\n"
> > > > > > > > -       "2:     " TUSER(streq) "        %3, [%4]\n"
> > > > > > > > +       "2:     " TUSER(streq) "        %4, [%2]\n"
> > > > > > > >         __futex_atomic_ex_table("%5")
> > > > > > > > -       : "+r" (ret), "=&r" (val)
> > > > > > > > -       : "r" (oldval), "r" (newval), "r" (uaddr), "Ir" (-EFAULT)
> > > > > > > > +       : "+&r" (ret), "=&r" (val), "+&r" (uaddr)
> > > > > > > > +       : "r" (oldval), "r" (newval), "Ir" (-EFAULT)
> > > > > > > >         : "cc", "memory");
> > > > > > > >         uaccess_restore(__ua_flags);
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Underspecification of constraints to extended inline assembly is a
> > > > > > > common issue exposed by other compilers (and possibly but in-effect
> > > > > > > infrequently compiler upgrades).
> > > > > > > So the reordering of the constraints means the in the assembly (notes
> > > > > > > for other reviewers):
> > > > > > > %2 -> %3
> > > > > > > %3 -> %4
> > > > > > > %4 -> %2
> > > > > > > Yep, looks good to me, thanks for finding this old patch and resending, Arnd!
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I don't see what is "underspecified" in the original constraints.
> > > > > > Please explain.
> > > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > I agree that that statement makes little sense.
> > > > >
> > > > > As Russell points out in the referenced thread, there is nothing wrong
> > > > > with the generated assembly, given that the UNPREDICTABLE opcode is
> > > > > unreachable in practice. Unfortunately, we have no way to flag this
> > > > > diagnostic as a known false positive, and AFAICT, there is no reason
> > > > > we couldn't end up with the same diagnostic popping up for GCC builds
> > > > > in the future, considering that the register assignment matches the
> > > > > constraints. (We have seen somewhat similar issues where constant
> > > > > folded function clones are emitted with a constant argument that could
> > > > > never occur in reality [0])
> > > > >
> > > > > Given the above, the only meaningful way to invoke this function is
> > > > > with different registers assigned to %3 and %4, and so tightening the
> > > > > constraints to guarantee that does not actually result in worse code
> > > > > (except maybe for the instantiations that we won't ever call in the
> > > > > first place). So I think we should fix this.
> > > > >
> > > > > I wonder if just adding
> > > > >
> > > > > BUG_ON(__builtin_constant_p(uaddr));
> > > > >
> > > > > at the beginning makes any difference - this shouldn't result in any
> > > > > object code differences since the conditional will always evaluate to
> > > > > false at build time for instantiations we care about.
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > [0] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/9c74d635-d0d1-0893-8093-ce20b0933fc7@redhat.com/
> > > >
> > > > What I'm actually asking is:
> > > >
> > > > The GCC manual says that input operands _may_ overlap output operands
> > > > since GCC assumes that input operands are consumed before output
> > > > operands are written.  This is an explicit statement.
> > > >
> > > > The GCC manual does not say that input operands may overlap with each
> > > > other, and the behaviour of GCC thus far (apart from one version,
> > > > presumably caused by a bug) has been that input operands are unique.
> > > >
> > >
> > > Not entirely. I have run into issues where GCC assumes that registers
> > > that are only used for input operands are left untouched by the asm
> > > code. I.e., if you put an asm() block in a loop and modify an input
> > > register, your code may break on the next pass, even if the input
> > > register does not overlap with an output register.
> >
> > GCC has had the expectation for decades that _input_ operands are not
> > changed in value by the code in the assembly.  This isn't quite the
> > same thing as the uniqueness of the register allocation for input
> > operands.
> >
> > > To me, that seems to suggest that whether or not inputs may overlap is
> > > irrelevant, since they are not expected to be modified.
> >
> > How is:
> >
> >         stmfd   sp!, {r0-r3, ip, lr}
> >         bl      foo
> >         ldmfd   sp!, {r0-r3, ip, lr}
> >
> > where r1 may be an input operand (to pass an argument to foo) any
> > different from:
> >
> >         ldrt    r0, [r1]
> >
> > as far as whether r1 is modified in both cases?  In both cases, the
> > value of r1 is read and written by both instructions, but in both
> > cases the value of r1 remains the same no matter what the value of r1
> > was.
> >
> > The "input operands should not be modified" is entirely orthogonal to
> > the input operand register allocation.
> >
> 
> The question is whether it is reasonable for GCC to use the same
> register for input operands that have the same value. From the
> assumption that GCC makes that the asm will not modified follows
> directly that we can use the same register for different operands.
> 
> And in fact, since that asm code (when built in ARM mode) does modify
> the register, uaddr should not be an input operand to begin with. In
> other words, there is an actual bug here, and this patch fixes it.

Again, you miss my point.

> > > > Clang appears to be different: it allows input operands that are
> > > > registers, and contain the same constant value to be the same physical
> > > > register.
> > > >
> > > > The assertion is that the constraints are under-specified.  I am
> > > > questioning that assertion.
> > > >
> > > > If the constraints are under-specified, I would have expected gcc-4.4's
> > > > behaviour to have persisted, and we would've been told by gcc's
> > > > developers to fix our code.  That didn't happen, and instead gcc seems
> > > > to have been fixed.  So, my conclusion is that it is intentional that
> > > > input operands to asm() do not overlap with themselves.
> > > >
> > >
> > > Whether we hit the error or not is not deterministic. Like in the
> > > ilog2() case I quoted, GCC may decide to instantiate a constant folded
> > > ['curried', if you will] clone of a function, and so even if any calls
> > > to futex_atomic_cmpxchg_inatomic() with constant NULL args for newval
> > > and uaddr are compiled, it does not mean they occur like that in the C
> > > code.
> >
> > Again, I think this is different: gcc knows what the C code is doing and
> > can optimise it.  GCC doesn't have any idea what the code in an asm() is
> > doing beyond what the constraints are telling it, and the rules for
> > those constraints set out in the GCC manual.
> >
> > Given that we are explicitly talking about the register allocation for
> > input operands, I'm not sure how the ilog2() case you mention applies.
> >
> 
> The relevance of the ilog2() case is that we are dealing with an
> invocation of the function that never actually occurs in the code. The
> compiler emits it as part of an optimization step, and this is how we
> end up with constant operands for newval and uaddr.
> 
> > > > It seems to me that the work-around for clang is to change every input
> > > > operand to be an output operand with a "+&r" contraint - an operand
> > > > that is both read and written by the "instruction", and that the operand
> > > > is "earlyclobber".  For something that is really only read, that seems
> > > > strange.
> > > >
> > > > Also, reading GCC's manual, it would appear that "+&" is wrong.
> > > >
> > > > `+'
> > > >      Means that this operand is both read and written by the
> > > >      instruction.
> > > >
> > > >      When the compiler fixes up the operands to satisfy the constraints,
> > > >      it needs to know which operands are inputs to the instruction and
> > > >      which are outputs from it.  `=' identifies an output; `+'
> > > >      identifies an operand that is both input and output; all other
> > > >                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> > > >      operands are assumed to be input only.
> > > >
> > > > `&'
> > > >      Means (in a particular alternative) that this operand is an
> > > >      "earlyclobber" operand, which is modified before the instruction is
> > > >      finished using the input operands.  Therefore, this operand may
> > > >      not lie in a register that is used as an input operand or as part
> > > >      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> > > >      of any memory address.
> > > >
> > > > So "+" says that this operand is an input but "&" says that it must not
> > > > be in a register that is used as an input.  That's contradictory, and I
> > > > think we can expect GCC to barf or at least end up doing strange stuff,
> > > > if not with existing versions, then with future versions.
> > > >
> > >
> > > I wondered about the same thing: given that the asm itself is a black
> > > box to the compiler, it can never reuse an in/output register for
> > > output, so when it is clobbered is irrelevant.
> >
> > Let me try again - you seem to have completely missed my point.
> >
> > + specifies that the operand is an input.
> > & specifies that the operand is not an input.
> >
> > + and & are contradictory.
> >
> > GCC is at liberty to not assign a value to an operand with a +&
> > modifier, or error out such a construction.
> >
> 
> I agree that the +& does not make sense.
> 
> > >
> > > > Hence, I'm asking for clarification why it is thought that the existing
> > > > code underspecifies the asm constraints, and I'm trying to get some more
> > > > thought about what the constraints should be, in case there is a need to
> > > > use "better" constraints.
> > >
> > > I think the constraints are correct, but as I argued before,
> > > tightening the constraints to ensure that uaddr and newval are not
> > > mapped onto the same register should not result in any object code
> > > changes, except for the case where the compiler instantiated a
> > > constprop clone that is bogus to begin with.
> >
> > ... by tightening it to an undefined combination of constraint modifiers
> > that just happens to seem to do the right thing.  No, this is not proper
> > "engineering".  This is bodging.
> >
> 
> As I argued above, using an input operand for uaddr is incorrect (in
> ARM mode) since the instruction does modify the register. So modulo
> the +&, I think the patch is an improvement.
> 

-- 
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