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Date:   Fri, 24 May 2019 13:39:00 -0400
From:   Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
To:     Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc:     Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>,
        Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>, linux-mm@kvack.org,
        cgroups@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
        kernel-team@fb.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH] mm: fix page cache convergence regression
Message-ID: <20190524173900.GA11702@cmpxchg.org>
References: <20190524153148.18481-1-hannes@cmpxchg.org>
 <20190524160417.GB1075@bombadil.infradead.org>
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On Fri, May 24, 2019 at 09:04:17AM -0700, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> On Fri, May 24, 2019 at 11:31:48AM -0400, Johannes Weiner wrote:
> > diff --git a/include/linux/xarray.h b/include/linux/xarray.h
> > index 0e01e6129145..cbbf76e4c973 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/xarray.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/xarray.h
> > @@ -292,6 +292,7 @@ struct xarray {
> >  	spinlock_t	xa_lock;
> >  /* private: The rest of the data structure is not to be used directly. */
> >  	gfp_t		xa_flags;
> > +	gfp_t		xa_gfp;
> >  	void __rcu *	xa_head;
> >  };
> 
> No.  I'm willing to go for a xa_flag which says to use __GFP_ACCOUNT, but
> you can't add another element to the struct xarray.

Ok, we can generalize per-tree gfp flags later if necessary.

Below is the updated fix that uses an XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT flag instead.

---
From 63a0dbc571ff38f7c072c62d6bc28192debe37ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Date: Fri, 24 May 2019 10:12:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] mm: fix page cache convergence regression

Since a28334862993 ("page cache: Finish XArray conversion"), on most
major Linux distributions, the page cache doesn't correctly transition
when the hot data set is changing, and leaves the new pages thrashing
indefinitely instead of kicking out the cold ones.

On a freshly booted, freshly ssh'd into virtual machine with 1G RAM
running stock Arch Linux:

[root@ham ~]# ./reclaimtest.sh
+ dd of=workingset-a bs=1M count=0 seek=600
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ ./mincore workingset-a
153600/153600 workingset-a
+ dd of=workingset-b bs=1M count=0 seek=600
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ ./mincore workingset-a workingset-b
104029/153600 workingset-a
120086/153600 workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ ./mincore workingset-a workingset-b
104029/153600 workingset-a
120268/153600 workingset-b

workingset-b is a 600M file on a 1G host that is otherwise entirely
idle. No matter how often it's being accessed, it won't get cached.

While investigating, I noticed that the non-resident information gets
aggressively reclaimed - /proc/vmstat::workingset_nodereclaim. This is
a problem because a workingset transition like this relies on the
non-resident information tracked in the page cache tree of evicted
file ranges: when the cache faults are refaults of recently evicted
cache, we challenge the existing active set, and that allows a new
workingset to establish itself.

Tracing the shrinker that maintains this memory revealed that all page
cache tree nodes were allocated to the root cgroup. This is a problem,
because 1) the shrinker sizes the amount of non-resident information
it keeps to the size of the cgroup's other memory and 2) on most major
Linux distributions, only kernel threads live in the root cgroup and
everything else gets put into services or session groups:

[root@ham ~]# cat /proc/self/cgroup
0::/user.slice/user-0.slice/session-c1.scope

As a result, we basically maintain no non-resident information for the
workloads running on the system, thus breaking the caching algorithm.

Looking through the code, I found the culprit in the above-mentioned
patch: when switching from the radix tree to xarray, it dropped the
__GFP_ACCOUNT flag from the tree node allocations - the flag that
makes sure the allocated memory gets charged to and tracked by the
cgroup of the calling process - in this case, the one doing the fault.

To fix this, allow xarray users to specify per-tree flag that makes
xarray allocate nodes using __GFP_ACCOUNT. Then restore the page cache
tree annotation to request such cgroup tracking for the cache nodes.

With this patch applied, the page cache correctly converges on new
workingsets again after just a few iterations:

[root@ham ~]# ./reclaimtest.sh
+ dd of=workingset-a bs=1M count=0 seek=600
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ cat workingset-a
+ ./mincore workingset-a
153600/153600 workingset-a
+ dd of=workingset-b bs=1M count=0 seek=600
+ cat workingset-b
+ ./mincore workingset-a workingset-b
124607/153600 workingset-a
87876/153600 workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ ./mincore workingset-a workingset-b
81313/153600 workingset-a
133321/153600 workingset-b
+ cat workingset-b
+ ./mincore workingset-a workingset-b
63036/153600 workingset-a
153600/153600 workingset-b

Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.20+
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
---
 fs/inode.c             |  2 +-
 include/linux/xarray.h |  1 +
 lib/xarray.c           | 12 ++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/inode.c b/fs/inode.c
index e9d18b2c3f91..cd67859dbaf1 100644
--- a/fs/inode.c
+++ b/fs/inode.c
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(inc_nlink);
 
 static void __address_space_init_once(struct address_space *mapping)
 {
-	xa_init_flags(&mapping->i_pages, XA_FLAGS_LOCK_IRQ);
+	xa_init_flags(&mapping->i_pages, XA_FLAGS_LOCK_IRQ | XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT);
 	init_rwsem(&mapping->i_mmap_rwsem);
 	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mapping->private_list);
 	spin_lock_init(&mapping->private_lock);
diff --git a/include/linux/xarray.h b/include/linux/xarray.h
index 0e01e6129145..5921599b6dc4 100644
--- a/include/linux/xarray.h
+++ b/include/linux/xarray.h
@@ -265,6 +265,7 @@ enum xa_lock_type {
 #define XA_FLAGS_TRACK_FREE	((__force gfp_t)4U)
 #define XA_FLAGS_ZERO_BUSY	((__force gfp_t)8U)
 #define XA_FLAGS_ALLOC_WRAPPED	((__force gfp_t)16U)
+#define XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT	((__force gfp_t)32U)
 #define XA_FLAGS_MARK(mark)	((__force gfp_t)((1U << __GFP_BITS_SHIFT) << \
 						(__force unsigned)(mark)))
 
diff --git a/lib/xarray.c b/lib/xarray.c
index 6be3acbb861f..446b956c9188 100644
--- a/lib/xarray.c
+++ b/lib/xarray.c
@@ -298,6 +298,8 @@ bool xas_nomem(struct xa_state *xas, gfp_t gfp)
 		xas_destroy(xas);
 		return false;
 	}
+	if (xas->xa->xa_flags & XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT)
+		gfp |= __GFP_ACCOUNT;
 	xas->xa_alloc = kmem_cache_alloc(radix_tree_node_cachep, gfp);
 	if (!xas->xa_alloc)
 		return false;
@@ -325,6 +327,8 @@ static bool __xas_nomem(struct xa_state *xas, gfp_t gfp)
 		xas_destroy(xas);
 		return false;
 	}
+	if (xas->xa->xa_flags & XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT)
+		gfp |= __GFP_ACCOUNT;
 	if (gfpflags_allow_blocking(gfp)) {
 		xas_unlock_type(xas, lock_type);
 		xas->xa_alloc = kmem_cache_alloc(radix_tree_node_cachep, gfp);
@@ -358,8 +362,12 @@ static void *xas_alloc(struct xa_state *xas, unsigned int shift)
 	if (node) {
 		xas->xa_alloc = NULL;
 	} else {
-		node = kmem_cache_alloc(radix_tree_node_cachep,
-					GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
+		gfp_t gfp = GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN;
+
+		if (xas->xa->xa_flags & XA_FLAGS_ACCOUNT)
+			gfp |= __GFP_ACCOUNT;
+
+		node = kmem_cache_alloc(radix_tree_node_cachep, gfp);
 		if (!node) {
 			xas_set_err(xas, -ENOMEM);
 			return NULL;
-- 
2.21.0