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From:   Amit Daniel Kachhap <amit.kachhap@arm.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCHv2 7/8] arm64: implement ftrace with regs
To:     Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>,
        linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Cc:     linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, catalin.marinas@arm.com,
        deller@gmx.de, duwe@suse.de, James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com,
        james.morse@arm.com, jeyu@kernel.org, jpoimboe@redhat.com,
        jthierry@redhat.com, linux-parisc@vger.kernel.org,
        mingo@redhat.com, peterz@infradead.org, rostedt@goodmis.org,
        svens@stackframe.org, takahiro.akashi@linaro.org, will@kernel.org,
        Torsten Duwe <duwe@lst.de>
References: <20191029165832.33606-1-mark.rutland@arm.com>
 <20191029165832.33606-8-mark.rutland@arm.com>
Message-ID: <8132dc13-9fbd-24e2-8a5e-28b005043c3e@arm.com>
Date:   Sat, 2 Nov 2019 17:51:46 +0530
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On 10/29/19 10:28 PM, Mark Rutland wrote:
> From: Torsten Duwe <duwe@lst.de>
> 
> This patch implements FTRACE_WITH_REGS for arm64, which allows a traced
> function's arguments (and some other registers) to be captured into a
> struct pt_regs, allowing these to be inspected and/or modified. This is
> a building block for live-patching, where a function's arguments may be
> forwarded to another function. This is also necessary to enable ftrace
> and in-kernel pointer authentication at the same time, as it allows the
> LR value to be captured and adjusted prior to signing.
> 
> Using GCC's -fpatchable-function-entry=N option, we can have the
> compiler insert a configurable number of NOPs between the function entry
> point and the usual prologue. This also ensures functions are AAPCS
> compliant (e.g. disabling inter-procedural register allocation).
> 
> For example, with -fpatchable-function-entry=2, GCC 8.1.0 compiles the
> following:
> 
> | unsigned long bar(void);
> |
> | unsigned long foo(void)
> | {
> |         return bar() + 1;
> | }
> 
> ... to:
> 
> | <foo>:
> |         nop
> |         nop
> |         stp     x29, x30, [sp, #-16]!
> |         mov     x29, sp
> |         bl      0 <bar>
> |         add     x0, x0, #0x1
> |         ldp     x29, x30, [sp], #16
> |         ret
> 
> This patch builds the kernel with -fpatchable-function-entry=2,
> prefixing each function with two NOPs. To trace a function, we replace
> these NOPs with a sequence that saves the LR into a GPR, then calls an
> ftrace entry assembly function which saves this and other relevant
> registers:
> 
> | mov	x9, x30
> | bl	<ftrace-entry>
> 
> Since patchable functions are AAPCS compliant (and the kernel does not
> use x18 as a platform register), x9-x18 can be safely clobbered in the
> patched sequence and the ftrace entry code.
> 
> There are now two ftrace entry functions, ftrace_regs_entry (which saves
> all GPRs), and ftrace_entry (which saves the bare minimum). A PLT is
> allocated for each within modules.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Torsten Duwe <duwe@suse.de>
> [Mark: rework asm, comments, PLTs, initialization, commit message]
> Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
> Cc: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org>
> Cc: Amit Daniel Kachhap <amit.kachhap@arm.com>
> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
> Cc: Julien Thierry <jthierry@redhat.com>
> Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
> ---
>   arch/arm64/Kconfig               |   2 +
>   arch/arm64/Makefile              |   5 ++
>   arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h  |  23 +++++++
>   arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h  |   2 +-
>   arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S | 140 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>   arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c       |  84 +++++++++++++++++++----
>   arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c  |   3 +-
>   arch/arm64/kernel/module.c       |  18 +++--
>   8 files changed, 252 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> index 950a56b71ff0..0ffb8596b8a1 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
> @@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ config ARM64
>   	select HAVE_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK
>   	select HAVE_DMA_CONTIGUOUS
>   	select HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
> +	select HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS \
> +		if $(cc-option,-fpatchable-function-entry=2)
>   	select HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
>   	select HAVE_FAST_GUP
>   	select HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/Makefile b/arch/arm64/Makefile
> index 2c0238ce0551..1fbe24d4fdb6 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/arm64/Makefile
> @@ -95,6 +95,11 @@ ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS),y)
>   KBUILD_LDS_MODULE	+= $(srctree)/arch/arm64/kernel/module.lds
>   endif
>   
> +ifeq ($(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS),y)
> +  KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -DCC_USING_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY
> +  CC_FLAGS_FTRACE := -fpatchable-function-entry=2
> +endif
> +
>   # Default value
>   head-y		:= arch/arm64/kernel/head.o
>   
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
> index d48667b04c41..91fa4baa1a93 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
> @@ -11,9 +11,20 @@
>   #include <asm/insn.h>
>   
>   #define HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_FP_TEST
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +#define ARCH_SUPPORTS_FTRACE_OPS 1
> +#else
>   #define MCOUNT_ADDR		((unsigned long)_mcount)
> +#endif
> +
> +/* The BL at the callsite's adjusted rec->ip */
>   #define MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE	AARCH64_INSN_SIZE
>   
> +#define FTRACE_PLT_IDX		0
> +#define FTRACE_REGS_PLT_IDX	1
> +#define NR_FTRACE_PLTS		2
> +
>   /*
>    * Currently, gcc tends to save the link register after the local variables
>    * on the stack. This causes the max stack tracer to report the function
> @@ -44,12 +55,24 @@ extern void return_to_handler(void);
>   static inline unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr)
>   {
>   	/*
> +	 * Adjust addr to point at the BL in the callsite.
> +	 * See ftrace_init_nop() for the callsite sequence.
> +	 */
> +	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS))
> +		return addr + AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
> +	/*
>   	 * addr is the address of the mcount call instruction.
>   	 * recordmcount does the necessary offset calculation.
>   	 */
>   	return addr;
>   }
>   
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +struct dyn_ftrace;
> +int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec);
> +#define ftrace_init_nop ftrace_init_nop
> +#endif
> +
>   #define ftrace_return_address(n) return_address(n)
>   
>   /*
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h
> index f80e13cbf8ec..1e93de68c044 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h
> @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ struct mod_arch_specific {
>   	struct mod_plt_sec	init;
>   
>   	/* for CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> -	struct plt_entry 	*ftrace_trampoline;
> +	struct plt_entry	*ftrace_trampolines;
>   };
>   #endif
>   
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
> index 33d003d80121..94720388957f 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
> @@ -7,10 +7,137 @@
>    */
>   
>   #include <linux/linkage.h>
> +#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
>   #include <asm/assembler.h>
>   #include <asm/ftrace.h>
>   #include <asm/insn.h>
>   
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +/*
> + * Due to -fpatchable-function-entry=2, the compiler has placed two NOPs before
> + * the regular function prologue. For an enabled callsite, ftrace_init_nop() and
> + * ftrace_make_call() have patched those NOPs to:
> + *
> + * 	MOV	X9, LR
> + * 	BL	<entry>
> + *
> + * ... where <entry> is either ftrace_caller or ftrace_regs_caller.
> + *
> + * Each instrumented function follows the AAPCS, so here x0-x8 and x19-x30 are
> + * live, and x9-x18 are safe to clobber.
> + *
> + * We save the callsite's context into a pt_regs before invoking and ftrace
s/invoking and ftrace callbacks/invoking the ftrace callbacks
> + * callbacks. So that we can get a sensible backtrace, we create a stack record
> + * for the callsite and the ftrace entry assembly. This is not sufficient for
> + * reliable stacktrace: until we create the callsite stack record, its caller
> + * is missing from the LR and existing chain of frame records.
> + */
> +	.macro  ftrace_regs_entry, allregs=0
> +	/* Make room for pt_regs, plus a callee frame */
> +	sub	sp, sp, #(S_FRAME_SIZE + 16)
> +
> +	/* Save function arguments (and x9 for simplicity) */
> +	stp	x0, x1, [sp, #S_X0]
> +	stp	x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
> +	stp	x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
> +	stp	x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
> +	stp	x8, x9, [sp, #S_X8]
> +
> +	/* Optionally save the callee-saved registers, always save the FP */
> +	.if \allregs == 1
> +	stp	x10, x11, [sp, #S_X10]
> +	stp	x12, x13, [sp, #S_X12]
> +	stp	x14, x15, [sp, #S_X14]
> +	stp	x16, x17, [sp, #S_X16]
> +	stp	x18, x19, [sp, #S_X18]
> +	stp	x20, x21, [sp, #S_X20]
> +	stp	x22, x23, [sp, #S_X22]
> +	stp	x24, x25, [sp, #S_X24]
> +	stp	x26, x27, [sp, #S_X26]
> +	stp	x28, x29, [sp, #S_X28]
> +	.else
> +	str	x29, [sp, #S_FP]
> +	.endif
> +
> +	/* Save the callsite's SP and LR */
> +	add	x10, sp, #(S_FRAME_SIZE + 16)
> +	stp	x9, x10, [sp, #S_LR]
> +
> +	/* Save the PC after the ftrace callsite */
> +	str	x30, [sp, #S_PC]
> +
> +	/* Create a frame record for the callsite above pt_regs */
> +	stp	x29, x9, [sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE]
> +	add	x29, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
> +
> +	/* Create our frame record within pt_regs. */
> +	stp	x29, x30, [sp, #S_STACKFRAME]
> +	add	x29, sp, #S_STACKFRAME
> +	.endm
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_regs_caller)
> +	ftrace_regs_entry	1
> +	b	ftrace_common
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_regs_caller)
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_caller)
> +	ftrace_regs_entry	0
> +	b	ftrace_common
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_caller)
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_common)
> +	sub	x0, x30, #AARCH64_INSN_SIZE	// ip (callsite's BL insn)
> +	mov	x1, x9				// parent_ip (callsite's LR)
> +	ldr_l	x2, function_trace_op		// op
> +	mov	x3, sp				// regs
> +
> +GLOBAL(ftrace_call)
> +	bl	ftrace_stub
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
> +GLOBAL(ftrace_graph_call)		// ftrace_graph_caller();
> +	nop				// If enabled, this will be replaced
> +					// "b ftrace_graph_caller"
> +#endif
> +
> +/*
> + * At the callsite x0-x8 and x19-x30 were live. Any C code will have preserved
> + * x19-x29 per the AAPCS, and we created frame records upon entry, so we need
> + * to restore x0-x8, x29, and x30.
> + */
> +ftrace_common_return:
> +	/* Restore function arguments */
> +	ldp	x0, x1, [sp]
> +	ldp	x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
> +	ldp	x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
> +	ldp	x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
> +	ldr	x8, [sp, #S_X8]
> +
> +	/* Restore the callsite's FP, LR, PC */
> +	ldr	x29, [sp, #S_FP]
> +	ldr	x30, [sp, #S_LR]
> +	ldr	x9, [sp, #S_PC]
> +
> +	/* Restore the callsite's SP */
> +	add	sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE + 16
> +
> +	ret	x9
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_common)
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
> +ENTRY(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +	ldr	x0, [sp, #S_PC]
> +	sub	x0, x0, #AARCH64_INSN_SIZE	// ip (callsite's BL insn)
> +	add	x1, sp, #S_LR			// parent_ip (callsite's LR)
> +	ldr	x2, [sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE]	   	// parent fp (callsite's FP)
> +	bl	prepare_ftrace_return
> +	b	ftrace_common_return
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +#else
> +#endif
> +
> +#else /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS */
> +
>   /*
>    * Gcc with -pg will put the following code in the beginning of each function:
>    *      mov x0, x30
> @@ -160,11 +287,6 @@ GLOBAL(ftrace_graph_call)		// ftrace_graph_caller();
>   
>   	mcount_exit
>   ENDPROC(ftrace_caller)
> -#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> -
> -ENTRY(ftrace_stub)
> -	ret
> -ENDPROC(ftrace_stub)
>   
>   #ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
>   /*
> @@ -184,7 +306,15 @@ ENTRY(ftrace_graph_caller)
>   
>   	mcount_exit
>   ENDPROC(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
> +#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> +#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS */
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_stub)
> +	ret
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_stub)
>   
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
>   /*
>    * void return_to_handler(void)
>    *
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> index 822718eafdb4..aea652c33a38 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> @@ -62,6 +62,19 @@ int ftrace_update_ftrace_func(ftrace_func_t func)
>   	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, 0, new, false);
>   }
>   
> +#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS
> +static struct plt_entry *get_ftrace_plt(struct module *mod, unsigned long addr)
> +{
> +	struct plt_entry *plt = mod->arch.ftrace_trampolines;
> +
> +	if (addr == FTRACE_ADDR)
> +		return &plt[FTRACE_PLT_IDX];
> +	if (addr == FTRACE_REGS_ADDR && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FTRACE_WITH_REGS))
> +		return &plt[FTRACE_REGS_PLT_IDX];
> +	return NULL;
> +}
> +#endif
> +
>   /*
>    * Turn on the call to ftrace_caller() in instrumented function
>    */
> @@ -74,19 +87,7 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
>   	if (offset < -SZ_128M || offset >= SZ_128M) {
>   #ifdef CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS
>   		struct module *mod;
> -
> -		/*
> -		 * There is only one ftrace trampoline per module. For now,
> -		 * this is not a problem since on arm64, all dynamic ftrace
> -		 * invocations are routed via ftrace_caller(). This will need
> -		 * to be revisited if support for multiple ftrace entry points
> -		 * is added in the future, but for now, the pr_err() below
> -		 * deals with a theoretical issue only.
> -		 */
> -		if (addr != FTRACE_ADDR) {
> -			pr_err("ftrace: far branches to multiple entry points unsupported inside a single module\n");
> -			return -EINVAL;
> -		}
> +		struct plt_entry *plt;
>   
>   		/*
>   		 * On kernels that support module PLTs, the offset between the
> @@ -105,7 +106,13 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
>   		if (WARN_ON(!mod))
>   			return -EINVAL;
>   
> -		addr = (unsigned long)mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline;
> +		plt = get_ftrace_plt(mod, addr);
> +		if (!plt) {
> +			pr_err("ftrace: no module PLT for %ps\n", (void *)addr);
> +			return -EINVAL;
> +		}
> +
> +		addr = (unsigned long)plt;
>   #else /* CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS */
>   		return -EINVAL;
>   #endif /* CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS */
> @@ -117,6 +124,55 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
>   	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
>   }
>   
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +int ftrace_modify_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long old_addr,
> +			unsigned long addr)
> +{
> +	unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
> +	u32 old, new;
> +
> +	old = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, old_addr,
> +					  AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_LINK);
> +	new = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, addr, AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_LINK);
> +
> +	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * The compiler has inserted two NOPs before the regular function prologue.
> + * All instrumented functions follow the AAPCS, so x0-x8 and x19-x30 are live,
> + * and x9-x18 are free for our use.
> + *
> + * At runtime we want to be able to swing a single NOP <-> BL to enable or
> + * disable the ftrace call. The BL requires us to save the original LR value,
> + * so here we insert a <MOV X9, LR> over the first NOP so the instructions
> + * before the regular prologue are:
> + *
> + * | Compiled | Disabled   | Enabled    |
> + * +----------+------------+------------+
> + * | NOP      | MOV X9, LR | MOV X9, LR |
> + * | NOP      | NOP        | BL <entry> |
> + *
> + * The LR value will be recovered by ftrace_regs_entry, and restored into LR
> + * before returning to the regular function prologue. When a function is not
> + * being traced, the MOV is not harmful given x9 is not live per the AAPCS.
> + *
> + * Note: ftrace_process_locs() has pre-adjusted rec->ip to be the address of
> + * the BL.
> + */
> +int ftrace_init_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec)
> +{
> +	unsigned long pc = rec->ip - AARCH64_INSN_SIZE;
> +	u32 old, new;
> +
> +	old = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
> +	new = aarch64_insn_gen_move_reg(AARCH64_INSN_REG_9,
> +					AARCH64_INSN_REG_LR,
> +					AARCH64_INSN_VARIANT_64BIT);
> +	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +#endif
> +
>   /*
>    * Turn off the call to ftrace_caller() in instrumented function
>    */
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c
> index b182442b87a3..65b08a74aec6 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c
> @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
>    */
>   
>   #include <linux/elf.h>
> +#include <linux/ftrace.h>
>   #include <linux/kernel.h>
>   #include <linux/module.h>
>   #include <linux/sort.h>
> @@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ int module_frob_arch_sections(Elf_Ehdr *ehdr, Elf_Shdr *sechdrs,
>   		tramp->sh_type = SHT_NOBITS;
>   		tramp->sh_flags = SHF_EXECINSTR | SHF_ALLOC;
>   		tramp->sh_addralign = __alignof__(struct plt_entry);
> -		tramp->sh_size = sizeof(struct plt_entry);
> +		tramp->sh_size = NR_FTRACE_PLTS * sizeof(struct plt_entry);
>   	}
>   
>   	return 0;
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/module.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/module.c
> index 5f5bc3b94da7..00d21a420c60 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/module.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/module.c
> @@ -486,21 +486,31 @@ static const Elf_Shdr *find_section(const Elf_Ehdr *hdr,
>   	return NULL;
>   }
>   
> +static inline void __init_plt(struct plt_entry *plt, unsigned long addr)
> +{
> +	*plt = get_plt_entry(addr, plt);
> +}
> +
>   int module_init_ftrace_plt(const Elf_Ehdr *hdr,
>   			   const Elf_Shdr *sechdrs,
>   			   struct module *mod)
>   {
>   #if defined(CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS) && defined(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE)
>   	const Elf_Shdr *s;
> -	struct plt_entry *plt;
> +	struct plt_entry *plts;
>   
>   	s = find_section(hdr, sechdrs, ".text.ftrace_trampoline");
>   	if (!s)
>   		return -ENOEXEC;
>   
> -	plt = (void *)s->sh_addr;
> -	*plt = get_plt_entry(FTRACE_ADDR, plt);
> -	mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline = plt;
> +	plts = (void *)s->sh_addr;
> +
> +	__init_plt(&plts[FTRACE_PLT_IDX], FTRACE_ADDR);
> +
> +	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS))
> +		__init_plt(&plts[FTRACE_REGS_PLT_IDX], FTRACE_REGS_ADDR);
> +
> +	mod->arch.ftrace_trampolines = plts;
>   #endif
>   	return 0;
>   }
>