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Cc: cbe-oss-dev@ozlabs.org, Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>,
       LKML <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>, linuxppc-dev@ozlabs.org,
       oprofile-list@lists.sourceforge.net
From: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Subject: Re: [Cbe-oss-dev] [RFC, PATCH] CELL Oprofile SPU profiling updated patch
Date: Sun, 11 Feb 2007 16:46:27 -0600
To: Carl Love <cel@us.ibm.com>
Sender: linux-kernel-owner@vger.kernel.org
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On Feb 9, 2007, at 10:17 AM, Carl Love wrote:

> On Thu, 2007-02-08 at 20:46 -0600, Milton Miller wrote:
>>  On Feb 8, 2007, at 4:51 PM, Carl Love wrote:
>>
>>> On Thu, 2007-02-08 at 18:21 +0100, Arnd Bergmann wrote:
>>>> On Thursday 08 February 2007 15:18, Milton Miller wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> 1) sample rate setup
>>>>>
>>>>>     In the current patch, the user specifies a sample rate as a 
>>>>> time
>>>>> interval.
>>>>>     The kernel is (a) calling cpufreq to get the current cpu
>>>>> frequency,
>>>>> (b)
>>>>>     converting the rate to a cycle count, (c) converting this to a
>>>>> 24 bit
>>>>>     LFSR count, an iterative algorithm (in this patch, starting 
>>>>> from
>>>>>     one of 256 values so a max of 2^16 or 64k iterations), (d)
>>>>> calculating
>>>>>     an trace unload interval.   In addition, a cpufreq notifier is
>>>>> registered
>>>>>     to recalculate on frequency changes.
>>>
>>> No.  The user issues the command opcontrol --event:N  where N is the
>>> number of events (cycles, l2 cache misses, instructions retired etc)
>>> that are to elapse between collecting the samples.
>>
>> So you are saying that b and c are primary, and a is used to calculate
>> a safe value for d.   All of the above work is dont, just from a
>> different starting point?
>
> There are two things 1) setup the LFSR to control how often the 
> Hardware
> puts samples into the trace buffer.  2) setup the kernel timer to read
> the trace buffer (your d, d is a function of the cpu freq) and process
> the samples.
>
> (c is nonsense)


Well, its cacluate the rate from the count vs count from the rate.

>
> The kernel timer was set with the goal the the hardware trace buffer
> would not get more then half full to ensure we would not lose samples
> even for the maximum rate that the hardware would be adding samples to
> the trace buffer (user specified N=100,000).

That should be well commented.

>>
>>> The OProfile passes
>>> the value N to the kernel via the variable ctr[i].count.  Where i is
>>> the
>>> performance counter entry for that event.
>>
>> Ok I haven't looked a the api closely.


Actually, the oprofile userspace fills out files in a file system to 
tell
the kernel what it needs to know.   The powerpc code defines the 
reources
needed to use the PMU hardware, which is (1) common mux selects, for
processors that need them, and (2) a set of directories, one for each 
of the
pmu counters, each of which contain the controls for that counter (such
as enable kernel space, enable user space, event timeout to interrupt or
sample collection, etc.   The ctr[i].count is one of these files.

>>
>>> Specifically with SPU
>>> profiling, we do not use performance counters because the CELL HW 
>>> does
>>> not allow the normal the PPU to read the SPU PC when a performance
>>> counter interrupt occurs.  We are using some additional hw support in
>>> the chip that allows us to periodically capture the SPU PC.  There is
>>> an
>>> LFSR hardware counter that can be started at an arbitrary LFSR value.
>>> When the last LFSR value in the sequence is reached, a sample is 
>>> taken
>>> and stored in the trace buffer.  Hence, the value of N specified by 
>>> the
>>> user must get converted to the LFSR value that is N from the end of 
>>> the
>>> sequence.
>>
>> Ok so its arbitray load count to max vs count and compare.   A 
>> critical
>> detail when computing the value to load, but the net result is the
>> same; the value for the count it hard to determine.
>
> The above statement makes no sense to me.

I think I talked past you.  Your description of hadrware vs mine was
different in that the counter always ends at a specified point and is
loaded with the variable count, where mine had it comparing to the
count as it incremented.

However, I now see that you were referring to the fact that what the
user specifes, the count, has to be converted to a LFSR value.  My point
is this can be done in the user-space oprofile code.  It already has
to look up magic numbers for setting up event selection muxes for other
hardware, adding a lfsr calculation is not beyond resoon.  Nor is having
it provide two values in two files.

>
> Determining the initial LFSR value that is N values from the last value
> in the sequence is not easy to do.

Well, its easy, its just order(N).

>>> The same clock that the processor is running at is used to
>>> control the LFSR count.  Hence the LFSR counter increments once per 
>>> CPU
>>> clock cycle regardless of the CPU frequency or changes in the
>>> frequency.
>>> There is no calculation for the LFSR value that is a function of the
>>> processor frequency.  There is no need to adjust the LFSR when the
>>> processor frequency changes.
>>
>> Oh, so the lfsr doesn't have to be recomputed, only the time
>> between unloads.
>
> The LFSR value is computed ONCE when you start OProfile.  The value is
> setup in the hardware once when OProfile starts.  The hardware will
> always restart with the value given to it after it reaches the last
> value in the sequence.  What you call the "time between unloads" is the
> time at which you schedule the kernel routine to empty the trace 
> buffer.
> It is calculated once.  It would only need to be recomputed if the cpu
> frequency changed.


>>>>>
>>>>>     The obvious problem is step (c), running a loop potentially 64
>>>>> thousand
>>>>>     times in kernel space will have a noticeable impact on other
>>>>> threads.
>>>>>
>>>>>     I propose instead that user space perform the above 4 steps, 
>>>>> and
>>>>> provide
>>>>>     the kernel with two inputs: (1) the value to load in the LFSR
>>>>> and (2)
>>>>>     the periodic frequency / time interval at which to empty the
>>>>> hardware
>>>>>     trace buffer, perform sample analysis, and send the data to the
>>>>> oprofile
>>>>>     subsystem.
>>>>>
>>>>>     There should be no security issues with this approach.   If the
>>>>> LFSR
>>>>> value
>>>>>     is calculated incorrectly, either it will be too short, causing
>>>>> the
>>>>> trace
>>>>>     array to overfill and data to be dropped, or it will be too
>>>>> long, and
>>>>>     there will be fewer samples.   Likewise, the kernel periodic 
>>>>> poll
>>>>> can be
>>>>>     too long, again causing overflow, or too frequent, causing only
>>>>> timer
>>>>>     execution overhead.
>>>>>
>>>>>     Various data is collected by the kernel while processing the
>>>>> periodic timer,
>>>>>     this approach would also allow the profiling tools to control 
>>>>> the
>>>>>     frequency of this collection.   More frequent collection 
>>>>> results
>>>>> in
>>>>> more
>>>>>     accurate sample data, with the linear cost of poll execution
>>>>> overhead.
>>>>>
>>>>>     Frequency changes can be handled either by the profile code
>>>>> setting
>>>>>     collection at a higher than necessary rate, or by interacting
>>>>> with
>>>>> the
>>>>>     governor to limit the speeds.
>>>>>
>>>>>     Optionally, the kernel can add a record indicating that some
>>>>> data was
>>>>>     likely dropped if it is able to read all 256 entries without
>>>>> underflowing
>>>>>     the array.  This can be used as hint to user space that the
>>>>> kernel
>>>>> time
>>>>>     was too long for the collection rate.
>>>>
>>>> Moving the sample rate computation to user space sounds like the 
>>>> right
>>>> idea, but why not have a more drastic version of it:
>>>
>>> No, I do not agree.  The user/kernel API pass N where N is the number
>>> of
>>> events between samples.  We are not at liberty to just change the 
>>> API.
>>> We we did do this, we fully expect that John Levon will push back
>>> saying
>>> why make an architecture specific API change when it isn't necessary.
>>
>> [So you have not asked.]
>>
>> <Kludge> If you want to overlaod the existing array, one
>> event could be the lfsr sample rate, and another event be
>> the collection time.  That would stay within the framework.
>> But that is a kludge. </Kludge>
>>
>> [Me goes and reads kernel profile driver and skims powerpc code].
>>
>> You are confusing the user interface (what the user specifies on the
>> command line) with the kernel API.
>>
>> It is somewhat hidden by the PowerPC specific common code in
>> arch/powerpc/oprofile/common.c.  That is where the counter
>> array is exposd.
>>
>> The user to kernel api is not fill out an array of counter
>> event names and sampling intervals.
>>
>> The user to kernel interface is a file system that contains a
>> heirachy of files.  Each file consists of the hex ascii
>> represntation of a unsigned long.   The filesystem interfaces
>> to the kernel by provding an API to create directorys and files,
>> specifing the name of the directory or file.  Theere are helper
>> routines to connect a file to a ulong and read access to an atomic_t.
>> The common driver (in drivers/oprofile) creates the file system
>> and some common files that implement the control interface, which
>> interfaces to the architecture specific driver through the ops
>> array.
>>
>> The powerpc common driver creates a heiarchy exposing the
>> values to be placed in the performance monitor registers,
>> and directory of counters with the event selection.
>>
>> Since this architeture code does not seem to match the
>> capabilitys of the hardware, it would seem that this is
>> the area to change.   This driver does not seem to use
>> the actual PMU interrput or sprs.   Lets make it its
>> own directory with its own controls.
>>
>> I don't see how exposing the sample collection to
>> rate and the computation of the LFSR create a userspace
>> api change;  I think its totally within the framework.
>
> I was being a bit simplistic in my explination.  I am well aware of the
> file system.  The point is the USER specifies the rate (every N events)
> that they want to have sampling done.  We are using the existing
> mechanism to pass the value of N to the kernel.  So from that
> standpoint, we are trying to be consistent in how it is done with the
> PPU. I feel that this is best to try to handle the N value in the same
> way rather then having a completely different way.


>
> If we were to put the LFSR into the user space, you would pass the N
> into the kernel for the PPU profiling case.  To make the API clean, you
> would have to create a new file entry to pass the LFSR value.  For SPU
> profiling you would not pass N instead you would pass LFSR.  I think it
> is a bad idea to have these two different things for PPU versus SPU
> profiling.  I really feel it is best to consistent to use pass N for 
> PPU
> and SPU.  Then deal with converting N to the LFSR for the special case
> of SPU profiling.
>

As far as I understand, you are providing access to a completely new
hardware that is related to the PMU hardware by the fact that it
collects a program counter.   It doesn't use the PMU counters nor the
PMU event selection.

In fact, why can the existing op_model_cell profiling not run while
the SPU profiling runs?   Is there a shared debug bus inside the
chip?   Or just the data stream with your buffer_sync code?

> Unlike POWER 4/5 support where we absolutely had to add entries to the
> API to pass the three values for the control registers.  We already 
> have
> an established mechanism for passing N from user to kernel.  Just use
> it.  We are very sure that John Levon, the OProfile user maintainer,
> will say the same thing and refuse to accept adding to the API to pass
> the LFSR when the whole thing can be handled in a more consistent way
> that does not require an architecture specific change.  And I also feel
> that we really don't need or want an additional architecture specific
> API change.
>
>>
>>> Please define "drastic" in this context.  Do you mean make the table
>>> bigger i.e. more then 256 precomputed elements?  I did 256 since Arnd
>>> seemed to think that would be a reasonable size. Based on his example
>>> How much kernel space are we willing to use to same some computation?
>>> Keep in mind only one of the entries in the table will ever be used.
>>>
>>> I think if we found the LFSR that was with in 2^10 of the desired 
>>> value
>>> that would be good enough. It would be within 1% of the minimum N the
>>> user can specify.  That would require a table with 2^14 entries.  
>>> That
>>> seems unreasonably large.
>>
>> Why does the table have to be linear?  Compute samples at various
>> logrimathic staring points.   Determine how many significant bits
>> you want to keep, and have an array for each sample length.
>>
>> ie for 3 bits of significance, you could have
>> F00000, E00000, ... 800000,   0F0000, ......
>> this would take (24-n) * 2^(n-1) slots, while maintaing user
>> control of the range.
>>
>
> I don't see any advantage in this log approach.  If we do this with a
> linear table with a reasonable number of pre calculated values.  I 
> think
> that a table with no more then 1024 entries would be reasonable.  The
> overhead for calculating the desired LFSR value would be going through
> the for loop 16K times, for 1024 entries in the table, is not
> unreasonable.  I think this whole discussion of moving the LFSR to the
> user space is not needed.  The overhead of the for loop does not 
> justify
> pushing the LFSR determination to user space.  But that is just my
> opinion.  I am open to suggestions on how big to make the lookup table
> in the kernel.  But I really am apposed to putting the LFSR into the
> user space.
>
>>>
>>> Anyway, the user controls how often sampling is done by setting N.
>>
>> When calling a user space program.   The events are converted to
>> a series of control register values that are communicated to the
>> kernel by writing to files in the file system.   The writes are
>> interpreted (converted from ascii hex to binary longs) and stored
>> until the control files are written, at which point callbacks
>> copy and interpret the controls and start the hardware collection.
>>
>> Frankly, I would expect a lot more resistance to the event data
>> stream generation changes and duplicaton.
>
> I don't agree.  But that is just my opinion based on my experience
> working on OProfile.
>

Well, I haven't worked with oprofile in the past, but I have worked
on the kernel.  And I stay by my statement.

milton

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