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At least with doing a > > echo 1 > /sys/.../remove > > while running fsx on a file system I can't actually reproduce it. We built our own enclosures with a custom connector to plug the disks. So an external enclosure for thunderbolt is probably very similar. (or just ripping an unscrewed NVMe out of the M.2 ...) But as already suggested, qemu might also be very useful here as it also allows us to test multiple namespaces and multipath I/O, if you/someone wants to check those too (hotplug with multipath I/O really scares me).