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Date:   Tue,  8 Mar 2022 19:12:24 -0700
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Subject: [PATCH v9 07/14] mm: multi-gen LRU: exploit locality in rmap
From:   Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
To:     Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>,
        Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc:     Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>,
        Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>,
        Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>,
        Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>, Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>,
        Jesse Barnes <jsbarnes@google.com>,
        Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>,
        Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>,
        Michael Larabel <Michael@michaellarabel.com>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>,
        Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>,
        Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>,
        Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
        Ying Huang <ying.huang@intel.com>,
        linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-mm@kvack.org,
        page-reclaim@google.com, x86@kernel.org,
        Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>, Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>,
        Jan Alexander Steffens <heftig@archlinux.org>,
        Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>,
        Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>,
        Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>,
        Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>,
        Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>,
        "=?UTF-8?q?Holger=20Hoffst=C3=A4tte?=" 
        <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>,
        Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>,
        Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>,
        Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>,
        Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Precedence: bulk

Searching the rmap for PTEs mapping each page on an LRU list (to test
and clear the accessed bit) can be expensive because pages from
different VMAs (PA space) are not cache friendly to the rmap (VA
space). For workloads mostly using mapped pages, the rmap has a high
CPU cost in the reclaim path.

This patch exploits spatial locality to reduce the trips into the
rmap. When shrink_page_list() walks the rmap and finds a young PTE, a
new function lru_gen_look_around() scans at most BITS_PER_LONG-1
adjacent PTEs. On finding another young PTE, it clears the accessed
bit and updates the gen counter of the page mapped by this PTE to
(max_seq%MAX_NR_GENS)+1.

Server benchmark results:
  Single workload:
    fio (buffered I/O): no change

  Single workload:
    memcached (anon): +[3.5, 5.5]%
                Ops/sec      KB/sec
      patch1-5: 972526.07    37826.95
      patch1-6: 1015292.83   39490.38

  Configurations:
    no change

Client benchmark results:
  kswapd profiles:
    patch1-5
      39.73%  lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
      14.96%  page_vma_mapped_walk
       6.97%  _raw_spin_unlock_irq
       3.07%  do_raw_spin_lock
       2.53%  anon_vma_interval_tree_iter_first
       2.04%  ptep_clear_flush
       1.82%  __zram_bvec_write
       1.76%  __anon_vma_interval_tree_subtree_search
       1.57%  memmove
       1.45%  free_unref_page_list

    patch1-6
      45.49%  lzo1x_1_do_compress (real work)
       7.38%  page_vma_mapped_walk
       7.24%  _raw_spin_unlock_irq
       2.64%  ptep_clear_flush
       2.31%  __zram_bvec_write
       2.13%  do_raw_spin_lock
       2.09%  lru_gen_look_around
       1.89%  free_unref_page_list
       1.85%  memmove
       1.74%  obj_malloc

  Configurations:
    no change

Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffst=C3=A4tte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
---
 include/linux/memcontrol.h |  31 ++++++++
 include/linux/mm.h         |   5 ++
 include/linux/mmzone.h     |   6 ++
 include/linux/swap.h       |   1 +
 mm/memcontrol.c            |   1 +
 mm/rmap.c                  |   7 ++
 mm/swap.c                  |   4 +-
 mm/vmscan.c                | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 208 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/memcontrol.h b/include/linux/memcontrol.h
index 0abbd685703b..c8ce74577290 100644
--- a/include/linux/memcontrol.h
+++ b/include/linux/memcontrol.h
@@ -437,6 +437,7 @@ static inline struct obj_cgroup *__folio_objcg(struct f=
olio *folio)
  * - LRU isolation
  * - lock_page_memcg()
  * - exclusive reference
+ * - mem_cgroup_trylock_pages()
  *
  * For a kmem folio a caller should hold an rcu read lock to protect memcg
  * associated with a kmem folio from being released.
@@ -498,6 +499,7 @@ static inline struct mem_cgroup *folio_memcg_rcu(struct=
 folio *folio)
  * - LRU isolation
  * - lock_page_memcg()
  * - exclusive reference
+ * - mem_cgroup_trylock_pages()
  *
  * For a kmem page a caller should hold an rcu read lock to protect memcg
  * associated with a kmem page from being released.
@@ -935,6 +937,23 @@ void unlock_page_memcg(struct page *page);
=20
 void __mod_memcg_state(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int idx, int val);
=20
+/* try to stablize folio_memcg() for all the pages in a memcg */
+static inline bool mem_cgroup_trylock_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
+{
+	rcu_read_lock();
+
+	if (mem_cgroup_disabled() || !atomic_read(&memcg->moving_account))
+		return true;
+
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	return false;
+}
+
+static inline void mem_cgroup_unlock_pages(void)
+{
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+}
+
 /* idx can be of type enum memcg_stat_item or node_stat_item */
 static inline void mod_memcg_state(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
 				   int idx, int val)
@@ -1372,6 +1391,18 @@ static inline void folio_memcg_unlock(struct folio *=
folio)
 {
 }
=20
+static inline bool mem_cgroup_trylock_pages(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
+{
+	/* to match folio_memcg_rcu() */
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	return true;
+}
+
+static inline void mem_cgroup_unlock_pages(void)
+{
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+}
+
 static inline void mem_cgroup_handle_over_high(void)
 {
 }
diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index 1e3e6dd90c0f..1f3695e95942 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -1588,6 +1588,11 @@ static inline unsigned long folio_pfn(struct folio *=
folio)
 	return page_to_pfn(&folio->page);
 }
=20
+static inline struct folio *pfn_folio(unsigned long pfn)
+{
+	return page_folio(pfn_to_page(pfn));
+}
+
 /* MIGRATE_CMA and ZONE_MOVABLE do not allow pin pages */
 #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
 static inline bool is_pinnable_page(struct page *page)
diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index 307c5c24c7ac..cd64c64a952d 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ enum lruvec_flags {
 #ifndef __GENERATING_BOUNDS_H
=20
 struct lruvec;
+struct page_vma_mapped_walk;
=20
 #define LRU_GEN_MASK		((BIT(LRU_GEN_WIDTH) - 1) << LRU_GEN_PGOFF)
 #define LRU_REFS_MASK		((BIT(LRU_REFS_WIDTH) - 1) << LRU_REFS_PGOFF)
@@ -411,6 +412,7 @@ struct lru_gen_struct {
 };
=20
 void lru_gen_init_lruvec(struct lruvec *lruvec);
+void lru_gen_look_around(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw);
=20
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
 void lru_gen_init_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg);
@@ -423,6 +425,10 @@ static inline void lru_gen_init_lruvec(struct lruvec *=
lruvec)
 {
 }
=20
+static inline void lru_gen_look_around(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw)
+{
+}
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
 static inline void lru_gen_init_memcg(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
 {
diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h
index 1d38d9475c4d..b37520d3ff1d 100644
--- a/include/linux/swap.h
+++ b/include/linux/swap.h
@@ -372,6 +372,7 @@ extern void lru_add_drain(void);
 extern void lru_add_drain_cpu(int cpu);
 extern void lru_add_drain_cpu_zone(struct zone *zone);
 extern void lru_add_drain_all(void);
+extern void folio_activate(struct folio *folio);
 extern void deactivate_file_page(struct page *page);
 extern void deactivate_page(struct page *page);
 extern void mark_page_lazyfree(struct page *page);
diff --git a/mm/memcontrol.c b/mm/memcontrol.c
index 3fcbfeda259b..e4c30950aa3c 100644
--- a/mm/memcontrol.c
+++ b/mm/memcontrol.c
@@ -2744,6 +2744,7 @@ static void commit_charge(struct folio *folio, struct=
 mem_cgroup *memcg)
 	 * - LRU isolation
 	 * - lock_page_memcg()
 	 * - exclusive reference
+	 * - mem_cgroup_trylock_pages()
 	 */
 	folio->memcg_data =3D (unsigned long)memcg;
 }
diff --git a/mm/rmap.c b/mm/rmap.c
index 6a1e8c7f6213..112e77dc62f4 100644
--- a/mm/rmap.c
+++ b/mm/rmap.c
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 #include <linux/page_idle.h>
 #include <linux/memremap.h>
 #include <linux/userfaultfd_k.h>
+#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
=20
 #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
=20
@@ -819,6 +820,12 @@ static bool page_referenced_one(struct page *page, str=
uct vm_area_struct *vma,
 		}
=20
 		if (pvmw.pte) {
+			if (lru_gen_enabled() && pte_young(*pvmw.pte) &&
+			    !(vma->vm_flags & (VM_SEQ_READ | VM_RAND_READ))) {
+				lru_gen_look_around(&pvmw);
+				referenced++;
+			}
+
 			if (ptep_clear_flush_young_notify(vma, address,
 						pvmw.pte)) {
 				/*
diff --git a/mm/swap.c b/mm/swap.c
index f5c0bcac8dcd..e65e7520bebf 100644
--- a/mm/swap.c
+++ b/mm/swap.c
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ static bool need_activate_page_drain(int cpu)
 	return pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_pvecs.activate_page, cpu)) !=3D 0;
 }
=20
-static void folio_activate(struct folio *folio)
+void folio_activate(struct folio *folio)
 {
 	if (folio_test_lru(folio) && !folio_test_active(folio) &&
 	    !folio_test_unevictable(folio)) {
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ static inline void activate_page_drain(int cpu)
 {
 }
=20
-static void folio_activate(struct folio *folio)
+void folio_activate(struct folio *folio)
 {
 	struct lruvec *lruvec;
=20
diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
index 91a827ff665d..2b685aa0379c 100644
--- a/mm/vmscan.c
+++ b/mm/vmscan.c
@@ -1558,6 +1558,11 @@ static unsigned int shrink_page_list(struct list_hea=
d *page_list,
 		if (!sc->may_unmap && page_mapped(page))
 			goto keep_locked;
=20
+		/* folio_update_gen() tried to promote this page? */
+		if (lru_gen_enabled() && !ignore_references &&
+		    page_mapped(page) && PageReferenced(page))
+			goto keep_locked;
+
 		may_enter_fs =3D (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_FS) ||
 			(PageSwapCache(page) && (sc->gfp_mask & __GFP_IO));
=20
@@ -3225,6 +3230,31 @@ static bool positive_ctrl_err(struct ctrl_pos *sp, s=
truct ctrl_pos *pv)
  *                          the aging
  *************************************************************************=
*****/
=20
+static int folio_update_gen(struct folio *folio, int gen)
+{
+	unsigned long old_flags, new_flags;
+
+	VM_BUG_ON(gen >=3D MAX_NR_GENS);
+	VM_BUG_ON(!rcu_read_lock_held());
+
+	do {
+		new_flags =3D old_flags =3D READ_ONCE(folio->flags);
+
+		/* for shrink_page_list() */
+		if (!(new_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK)) {
+			new_flags |=3D BIT(PG_referenced);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		new_flags &=3D ~LRU_GEN_MASK;
+		new_flags |=3D (gen + 1UL) << LRU_GEN_PGOFF;
+		new_flags &=3D ~(LRU_REFS_MASK | LRU_REFS_FLAGS);
+	} while (new_flags !=3D old_flags &&
+		 cmpxchg(&folio->flags, old_flags, new_flags) !=3D old_flags);
+
+	return ((old_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK) >> LRU_GEN_PGOFF) - 1;
+}
+
 static int folio_inc_gen(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct folio *folio, bool =
reclaiming)
 {
 	unsigned long old_flags, new_flags;
@@ -3237,6 +3267,10 @@ static int folio_inc_gen(struct lruvec *lruvec, stru=
ct folio *folio, bool reclai
 		VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!(new_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK), folio);
=20
 		new_gen =3D ((new_flags & LRU_GEN_MASK) >> LRU_GEN_PGOFF) - 1;
+		/* folio_update_gen() has promoted this page? */
+		if (new_gen >=3D 0 && new_gen !=3D old_gen)
+			return new_gen;
+
 		new_gen =3D (old_gen + 1) % MAX_NR_GENS;
=20
 		new_flags &=3D ~LRU_GEN_MASK;
@@ -3438,6 +3472,122 @@ static void lru_gen_age_node(struct pglist_data *pg=
dat, struct scan_control *sc)
 	} while ((memcg =3D mem_cgroup_iter(NULL, memcg, NULL)));
 }
=20
+/*
+ * This function exploits spatial locality when shrink_page_list() walks t=
he
+ * rmap. It scans the adjacent PTEs of a young PTE and promotes hot pages.
+ */
+void lru_gen_look_around(struct page_vma_mapped_walk *pvmw)
+{
+	int i;
+	pte_t *pte;
+	unsigned long start;
+	unsigned long end;
+	unsigned long addr;
+	struct folio *folio;
+	unsigned long bitmap[BITS_TO_LONGS(MIN_LRU_BATCH)] =3D {};
+	struct mem_cgroup *memcg =3D page_memcg(pvmw->page);
+	struct pglist_data *pgdat =3D page_pgdat(pvmw->page);
+	struct lruvec *lruvec =3D mem_cgroup_lruvec(memcg, pgdat);
+	DEFINE_MAX_SEQ(lruvec);
+	int old_gen, new_gen =3D lru_gen_from_seq(max_seq);
+
+	lockdep_assert_held(pvmw->ptl);
+	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(pvmw->page), pvmw->page);
+
+	start =3D max(pvmw->address & PMD_MASK, pvmw->vma->vm_start);
+	end =3D pmd_addr_end(pvmw->address, pvmw->vma->vm_end);
+
+	if (end - start > MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE) {
+		if (pvmw->address - start < MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2)
+			end =3D start + MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE;
+		else if (end - pvmw->address < MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2)
+			start =3D end - MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE;
+		else {
+			start =3D pvmw->address - MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2;
+			end =3D pvmw->address + MIN_LRU_BATCH * PAGE_SIZE / 2;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pte =3D pvmw->pte - (pvmw->address - start) / PAGE_SIZE;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
+
+	for (i =3D 0, addr =3D start; addr !=3D end; i++, addr +=3D PAGE_SIZE) {
+		unsigned long pfn =3D pte_pfn(pte[i]);
+
+		VM_BUG_ON(addr < pvmw->vma->vm_start || addr >=3D pvmw->vma->vm_end);
+
+		if (!pte_present(pte[i]) || is_zero_pfn(pfn))
+			continue;
+
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pte_devmap(pte[i]) || pte_special(pte[i])))
+			continue;
+
+		if (!pte_young(pte[i]))
+			continue;
+
+		VM_BUG_ON(!pfn_valid(pfn));
+		if (pfn < pgdat->node_start_pfn || pfn >=3D pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat))
+			continue;
+
+		folio =3D pfn_folio(pfn);
+		if (folio_nid(folio) !=3D pgdat->node_id)
+			continue;
+
+		if (folio_memcg_rcu(folio) !=3D memcg)
+			continue;
+
+		if (!ptep_test_and_clear_young(pvmw->vma, addr, pte + i))
+			continue;
+
+		if (pte_dirty(pte[i]) && !folio_test_dirty(folio) &&
+		    !(folio_test_anon(folio) && folio_test_swapbacked(folio) &&
+		      !folio_test_swapcache(folio)))
+			folio_mark_dirty(folio);
+
+		old_gen =3D folio_lru_gen(folio);
+		if (old_gen < 0)
+			folio_set_referenced(folio);
+		else if (old_gen !=3D new_gen)
+			__set_bit(i, bitmap);
+	}
+
+	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	if (bitmap_weight(bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH) < PAGEVEC_SIZE) {
+		for_each_set_bit(i, bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH) {
+			folio =3D page_folio(pte_page(pte[i]));
+			folio_activate(folio);
+		}
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* folio_update_gen() requires stable folio_memcg() */
+	if (!mem_cgroup_trylock_pages(memcg))
+		return;
+
+	spin_lock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
+	new_gen =3D lru_gen_from_seq(lruvec->lrugen.max_seq);
+
+	for_each_set_bit(i, bitmap, MIN_LRU_BATCH) {
+		folio =3D page_folio(pte_page(pte[i]));
+		if (folio_memcg_rcu(folio) !=3D memcg)
+			continue;
+
+		old_gen =3D folio_update_gen(folio, new_gen);
+		if (old_gen < 0 || old_gen =3D=3D new_gen)
+			continue;
+
+		lru_gen_update_size(lruvec, folio, old_gen, new_gen);
+	}
+
+	spin_unlock_irq(&lruvec->lru_lock);
+
+	mem_cgroup_unlock_pages();
+}
+
 /*************************************************************************=
*****
  *                          the eviction
  *************************************************************************=
*****/
@@ -3471,6 +3621,11 @@ static bool sort_folio(struct lruvec *lruvec, struct=
 folio *folio, int tier_idx)
 		return true;
 	}
=20
+	if (gen !=3D lru_gen_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type])) {
+		list_move(&folio->lru, &lrugen->lists[gen][type][zone]);
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	if (tier > tier_idx) {
 		int hist =3D lru_hist_from_seq(lrugen->min_seq[type]);
=20
--=20
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog