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Subject: [PATCH v8 10/10] kernfs: Add a document to describe hashed locks used in kernfs.
Date:   Sun, 10 Apr 2022 12:37:19 +1000
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This document describes usage and proof of various hashed locks
introduced in this patch set

Signed-off-by: Imran Khan <imran.f.khan@oracle.com>
---
 .../filesystems/kernfs-hashed-locks.rst       | 214 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 214 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/filesystems/kernfs-hashed-locks.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/kernfs-hashed-locks.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/kernfs-hashed-locks.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8c3542e38e04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/kernfs-hashed-locks.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+
+===================
+kernfs hashed locks
+===================
+
+kernfs uses following hashed locks
+
+1. Hashed mutexes
+2. Hashed rwsem
+
+In certain cases hashed rwsem needs to work in conjunction with a per-fs mutex
+(Described further below).So this document describes this mutex as well.
+
+A kernfs_global_locks object (defined below) provides hashed mutexes,
+hashed spinlocks and hashed rwsems.
+
+	struct kernfs_global_locks {
+		struct kernfs_open_file_mutex open_file_mutex[NR_KERNFS_LOCKS];
+		struct rw_semaphore kernfs_rwsem[NR_KERNFS_LOCKS];
+	};
+
+The hashed mutexes is encapsulated in kernfs_open_file_mutex as shown below:
+
+struct kernfs_open_file_mutex {
+	struct mutex lock;
+} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
+
+For all hashed locks address of a kernfs_node object acts as hashing key.
+
+For the remainder of this document a node means a kernfs_node object. The
+node can refer to a file, directory or symlink of a kernfs based file system.
+Also a node's mutex or rwsem refers to hashed mutex, or hashed rwsem
+corresponding to the node.
+It does not mean any locking construct embedded in the kernfs_node itself.
+
+What is protected by hashed locks
+=================================
+
+(1) There's one kernfs_open_file for each open file and all kernfs_open_file
+    instances corresponding to a kernfs_node are maintained in a list.
+    hashed mutexes or kernfs_global_locks.open_file_mutex[index].lock protects
+    this list.
+
+(2) Hashed rwsems or kernfs_global_locks.kernfs_rwsem[index] protects node's
+    state and synchronizes operations that change state of a node or depend on
+    the state of a node.
+
+(3) per-fs mutex (mentioned earlier) provides synchronization between lookup
+    and remove operations.
+    While looking for a node we will not have address of corresponding node
+    so we can't acquire node's rwsem right from the beginning.
+    On the other hand a parallel remove operation for the same node can acquire
+    corresponding rwsem and go ahead with node removal. So it may happen that
+    search operation for the node finds and returns it but before it can be
+    pinned or used, the remove operation, that was going on in parallel, removes
+    the node and hence makes its any future use wrong.
+    per-fs mutex ensures that for competing search and remove operations only
+    one proceeds at a time and since object returned by search is pinned before
+    releasing the per-fs mutex, it will be available for subsequent usage.
+
+
+Lock usage and proof
+=======================
+
+(1) Hashed mutexes
+
+    Since hashed mutexes protect the list of kernfs_open_file instances
+    corresponding to a kernfs_node, ->open and ->release backends of
+    file_operations need to acquire hashed mutex corresponding to kernfs_node.
+    Also when a kernfs_node is removed, all of its kernfs_open_file instances
+    are drained after deactivating the node. This drain operation acquires
+    hashed mutex to traverse list of kernfs_open_file instances.
+    So addition (via ->open), deletion (via ->release) and traversal
+    (during kernfs_drain) of kernfs_open_file list occurs in a synchronous
+    manner.
+
+(2) Hashed rwsems
+
+	3.1. A node's rwsem protects its state and needs to be acquired to:
+		3.1.a. Remove the node
+		3.1.b. Move the node
+		3.1.c. Travers or modify a node's children RB tree (for
+		       directories), i.e to add/remove files/subdirectories
+		       within/from a directory.
+		3.1.d. Modify or access node's inode attributes
+
+	3.2. Hashed rwsems are used in following operations:
+
+		3.2.a. Addition of a new node
+
+		While adding a new kernfs_node under a kernfs directory
+		kernfs_add_one acquires directory node's rwsem for
+		writing. Clause 3.1.a ensures that directory exists
+		throughout the operation. Clause 3.1.c ensures proper
+		updation of children rb tree (i.e ->dir.children).
+		Clause 3.1.d ensures correct modification of inode
+		attribute to reflect timestamp of this operation.
+		If the directory gets removed while waiting for semaphore,
+		the subsequent checks in kernfs_add_one will fail resulting
+		in early bail out from kernfs_add_one.
+
+		3.2.b. Removal of a node
+
+		Removal of a node involves recursive removal of all of its
+		descendants as well. per-fs mutex (i.e kernfs_rm_mutex) avoids
+		concurrent node removals even if the nodes are different.
+
+		At first node's rwsem is acquired. Clause 3.1.c avoids parallel
+		modification of descendant tree and while holding this rwsem
+		each of the descendants are deactivated.
+
+		Once a descendant has been deactivated and drained, its parent's
+		rwsem is taken. Clause 3.1.c ensures proper unlinking of this
+		descendant from its siblings. Clause 3.1.d ensures that parent's
+		inode attributes are correctly updated to record time stamp of
+		removal.
+
+		3.2.c. Movement of a node
+
+		Moving or renaming a node (kernfs_rename_ns) acquires rwsem for
+		node and its old and new parents. Clauses 3.1.b and 3.1.c avoid
+		concurrent move operations for the same node.
+		Also if old parent of a node changes while waiting for rwsem,
+		the acquisition of rwsem for 3 involved nodes is attempted
+		again. It is always ensured that as far as old parent is
+		concerned, rwsem corresponding to current parent is acquired.
+
+		3.2.d. Reading a directory
+
+		For diectory reading kernfs_fop_readdir acquires directory
+		node's rwsem for reading. Clause 3.1.c ensures a consistent view
+		of children RB tree.
+		As far as directroy being read is concerned, if it gets removed
+		while waiting for semaphore, the for loop that iterates through
+		children will be ineffective. So for this operation acquiring
+		directory node's rwsem for reading is enough.
+
+		3.2.e. Dentry revalidation
+
+		A dentry revalidation (kernfs_dop_revalidate) can happen for a
+		negative or for a normal dentry.
+		For negative dentries we just need to check parent change, so in
+		this case acquiring parent kernfs_node's rwsem for reading is
+		enough.
+		For a normal dentry acquiring node's rwsem for reading is enough
+		(Clause 3.1.a and 3.1.b).
+		If node gets removed while waiting for the lock subsequent checks
+		in kernfs_dop_revalidate will fail and kernfs_dop_revalidate will
+		exit early.
+
+		3.2.f. kernfs_node lookup
+
+		While searching for a node under a given parent
+		(kernfs_find_and_get_ns, kernfs_walk_and_get_ns) rwsem of parent
+		node is acquired for reading. Clause 3.1.c ensures a consistent
+		view of parent's children RB tree. To avoid parallel removal of
+		found node before it gets pinned, these operation make use of
+		per-fs mutex (kernfs_rm_mutex) as explained earlier.
+		This per-fs mutex is also taken during kernfs_node removal
+		(__kernfs_remove).
+
+		If the node being searched gets removed while waiting for the
+		mutex or rwsem, the subsequent kernfs_find_ns or kernfs_walk_ns
+		will fail.
+
+		3.2.g. kenfs_node's inode lookup
+
+		Looking up for inode instances via kernfs_iop_lookup involves
+		node lookup. So locks acquired are same as ones required in 3.2.f.
+		Also once node lookup is complete parent's rwsem is released and
+		rwsem of found node is acquired to get corresponding inode.
+		Since we are operating under per-fs kernfs_rm_mutex the found node
+		will not disappear in the middle.
+
+		3.2.h. Updating or reading inode attribute
+
+		Interfaces that change inode attributes(i.e kernfs_setattr and
+		kernfs_iop_setattr) acquire node's rwsem for writing.
+		If the kernfs_node gets removed while waiting for the semaphore
+		the subsequent __kernfs_setattr will fail.
+		From 3.2.a and 3.2.b we know that updates due to addition or
+		removal of nodes will not happen in parallel.
+		So just locking the kernfs_node in these cases is enough to
+		guarantee correct modification of inode attributes.
+		Similarly the interfaces that read inode attributes
+		(i.e kernfs_iop_getattr, kernfs_iop_permission) just need to
+		acquire involved node's rwsem for reading.
+
+		3.2.i. kernfs file event generation
+
+		kernfs_notify pins involved node before scheduling
+		kernfs_notify_work and kernfs_notify_workfn acquires node's
+		rwsem. Clauses in 3.1 ensure a consistent view of node state
+		throughout execution of work handler.
+
+		3.2.j. mount
+
+		kernfs_fill_super, invoked during mount operation, acquires root
+		node's rwsem. During mount process there can't be other execution
+		contexts trying to move or delete the node so just locking the
+		involved node(i.e the root node) is enough.
+
+		3.2.k. while activating a node
+
+		For a node that started as deactivated, kernfs_activate
+		activates the node. In this case acquiring node's rwsem is
+		enough. Since the node is not active yet any parallel removal
+		that wins the race for rwsem will skip this node and its
+		descendents. Also user space can't see a deactivated node so we
+		don't have any parallel access emanating from their as well.
+
+	3.3  For operations that involve locking multiple nodes at the same time
+	     locks are acquired in order of their addresses.
-- 
2.30.2