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Date:   Tue, 17 May 2022 19:46:32 -0600
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Subject: [PATCH v11 13/14] mm: multi-gen LRU: admin guide
From:   Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
To:     Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>, linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc:     Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>,
        Aneesh Kumar <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com>,
        Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>,
        Hillf Danton <hdanton@sina.com>, Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>,
        Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>,
        Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>,
        Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>,
        Michael Larabel <Michael@michaellarabel.com>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>,
        Mike Rapoport <rppt@kernel.org>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>,
        Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>, Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>,
        Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
        linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, x86@kernel.org,
        page-reclaim@google.com, Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>,
        Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>,
        Jan Alexander Steffens <heftig@archlinux.org>,
        Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>,
        Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>,
        Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>,
        Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>,
        Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>,
        "=?UTF-8?q?Holger=20Hoffst=C3=A4tte?=" 
        <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>,
        Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>,
        Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>,
        Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>,
        Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
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Precedence: bulk

Add an admin guide.

Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com>
Acked-by: Brian Geffon <bgeffon@google.com>
Acked-by: Jan Alexander Steffens (heftig) <heftig@archlinux.org>
Acked-by: Oleksandr Natalenko <oleksandr@natalenko.name>
Acked-by: Steven Barrett <steven@liquorix.net>
Acked-by: Suleiman Souhlal <suleiman@google.com>
Tested-by: Daniel Byrne <djbyrne@mtu.edu>
Tested-by: Donald Carr <d@chaos-reins.com>
Tested-by: Holger Hoffst=C3=A4tte <holger@applied-asynchrony.com>
Tested-by: Konstantin Kharlamov <Hi-Angel@yandex.ru>
Tested-by: Shuang Zhai <szhai2@cs.rochester.edu>
Tested-by: Sofia Trinh <sofia.trinh@edi.works>
Tested-by: Vaibhav Jain <vaibhav@linux.ibm.com>
---
 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst        |   1 +
 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst | 156 ++++++++++++++++++
 mm/Kconfig                                    |   3 +-
 3 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-g=
uide/mm/index.rst
index c21b5823f126..2cf5bae62036 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ the Linux memory management.
    idle_page_tracking
    ksm
    memory-hotplug
+   multigen_lru
    nommu-mmap
    numa_memory_policy
    numaperf
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst b/Documentation/=
admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6355f2b5019d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+Multi-Gen LRU
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+The multi-gen LRU is an alternative LRU implementation that optimizes
+page reclaim and improves performance under memory pressure. Page
+reclaim decides the kernel's caching policy and ability to overcommit
+memory. It directly impacts the kswapd CPU usage and RAM efficiency.
+
+Quick start
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+Build the kernel with the following configurations.
+
+* ``CONFIG_LRU_GEN=3Dy``
+* ``CONFIG_LRU_GEN_ENABLED=3Dy``
+
+All set!
+
+Runtime options
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+``/sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/`` contains stable ABIs described in the
+following subsections.
+
+Kill switch
+-----------
+``enabled`` accepts different values to enable or disable the
+following components. Its default value depends on
+``CONFIG_LRU_GEN_ENABLED``. All the components should be enabled
+unless some of them have unforeseen side effects. Writing to
+``enabled`` has no effect when a component is not supported by the
+hardware, and valid values will be accepted even when the main switch
+is off.
+
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+Values Components
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+0x0001 The main switch for the multi-gen LRU.
+0x0002 Clearing the accessed bit in leaf page table entries in large
+       batches, when MMU sets it (e.g., on x86). This behavior can
+       theoretically worsen lock contention (mmap_lock). If it is
+       disabled, the multi-gen LRU will suffer a minor performance
+       degradation for workloads that contiguously map hot pages,
+       whose accessed bits can be otherwise cleared by fewer larger
+       batches.
+0x0004 Clearing the accessed bit in non-leaf page table entries as
+       well, when MMU sets it (e.g., on x86). This behavior was not
+       verified on x86 varieties other than Intel and AMD. If it is
+       disabled, the multi-gen LRU will suffer a negligible
+       performance degradation.
+[yYnN] Apply to all the components above.
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+
+E.g.,
+::
+
+    echo y >/sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled
+    cat /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled
+    0x0007
+    echo 5 >/sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled
+    cat /sys/kernel/mm/lru_gen/enabled
+    0x0005
+
+Thrashing prevention
+--------------------
+Personal computers are more sensitive to thrashing because it can
+cause janks (lags when rendering UI) and negatively impact user
+experience. The multi-gen LRU offers thrashing prevention to the
+majority of laptop and desktop users who do not have ``oomd``.
+
+Users can write ``N`` to ``min_ttl_ms`` to prevent the working set of
+``N`` milliseconds from getting evicted. The OOM killer is triggered
+if this working set cannot be kept in memory. In other words, this
+option works as an adjustable pressure relief valve, and when open, it
+terminates applications that are hopefully not being used.
+
+Based on the average human detectable lag (~100ms), ``N=3D1000`` usually
+eliminates intolerable janks due to thrashing. Larger values like
+``N=3D3000`` make janks less noticeable at the risk of premature OOM
+kills.
+
+The default value ``0`` means disabled.
+
+Experimental features
+=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
+``/sys/kernel/debug/lru_gen`` accepts commands described in the
+following subsections. Multiple command lines are supported, so does
+concatenation with delimiters ``,`` and ``;``.
+
+``/sys/kernel/debug/lru_gen_full`` provides additional stats for
+debugging. ``CONFIG_LRU_GEN_STATS=3Dy`` keeps historical stats from
+evicted generations in this file.
+
+Working set estimation
+----------------------
+Working set estimation measures how much memory an application needs
+in a given time interval, and it is usually done with little impact on
+the performance of the application. E.g., data centers want to
+optimize job scheduling (bin packing) to improve memory utilizations.
+When a new job comes in, the job scheduler needs to find out whether
+each server it manages can allocate a certain amount of memory for
+this new job before it can pick a candidate. To do so, the job
+scheduler needs to estimate the working sets of the existing jobs.
+
+When it is read, ``lru_gen`` returns a histogram of numbers of pages
+accessed over different time intervals for each memcg and node.
+``MAX_NR_GENS`` decides the number of bins for each histogram. The
+histograms are noncumulative.
+::
+
+    memcg  memcg_id  memcg_path
+       node  node_id
+           min_gen_nr  age_in_ms  nr_anon_pages  nr_file_pages
+           ...
+           max_gen_nr  age_in_ms  nr_anon_pages  nr_file_pages
+
+Each bin contains an estimated number of pages that have been accessed
+within ``age_in_ms``. E.g., ``min_gen_nr`` contains the coldest pages
+and ``max_gen_nr`` contains the hottest pages, since ``age_in_ms`` of
+the former is the largest and that of the latter is the smallest.
+
+Users can write ``+ memcg_id node_id max_gen_nr
+[can_swap [force_scan]]`` to ``lru_gen`` to create a new generation
+``max_gen_nr+1``. ``can_swap`` defaults to the swap setting and, if it
+is set to ``1``, it forces the scan of anon pages when swap is off,
+and vice versa. ``force_scan`` defaults to ``1`` and, if it is set to
+``0``, it employs heuristics to reduce the overhead, which is likely
+to reduce the coverage as well.
+
+A typical use case is that a job scheduler writes to ``lru_gen`` at a
+certain time interval to create new generations, and it ranks the
+servers it manages based on the sizes of their cold pages defined by
+this time interval.
+
+Proactive reclaim
+-----------------
+Proactive reclaim induces page reclaim when there is no memory
+pressure. It usually targets cold pages only. E.g., when a new job
+comes in, the job scheduler wants to proactively reclaim cold pages on
+the server it selected to improve the chance of successfully landing
+this new job.
+
+Users can write ``- memcg_id node_id min_gen_nr [swappiness
+[nr_to_reclaim]]`` to ``lru_gen`` to evict generations less than or
+equal to ``min_gen_nr``. Note that ``min_gen_nr`` should be less than
+``max_gen_nr-1`` as ``max_gen_nr`` and ``max_gen_nr-1`` are not fully
+aged and therefore cannot be evicted. ``swappiness`` overrides the
+default value in ``/proc/sys/vm/swappiness``. ``nr_to_reclaim`` limits
+the number of pages to evict.
+
+A typical use case is that a job scheduler writes to ``lru_gen``
+before it tries to land a new job on a server. If it fails to
+materialize enough cold pages because of the overestimation, it
+retries on the next server according to the ranking result obtained
+from the working set estimation step. This less forceful approach
+limits the impacts on the existing jobs.
diff --git a/mm/Kconfig b/mm/Kconfig
index 426ea5f57d88..05291697055a 100644
--- a/mm/Kconfig
+++ b/mm/Kconfig
@@ -916,7 +916,8 @@ config LRU_GEN
 	# make sure folio->flags has enough spare bits
 	depends on 64BIT || !SPARSEMEM || SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP
 	help
-	  A high performance LRU implementation to overcommit memory.
+	  A high performance LRU implementation to overcommit memory. See
+	  Documentation/admin-guide/mm/multigen_lru.rst for details.
=20
 config LRU_GEN_ENABLED
 	bool "Enable by default"
--=20
2.36.0.550.gb090851708-goog