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From:   Chen Guokai <chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
To:     paul.walmsley@sifive.com, palmer@dabbelt.com,
        aou@eecs.berkeley.edu, rostedt@goodmis.org, mingo@redhat.com,
        sfr@canb.auug.org.au
Cc:     linux-riscv@lists.infradead.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
        liaochang1@huawei.com, Chen Guokai <chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
Subject: [PATCH v5 5/9] riscv/kprobe: Search free register(s) to clobber for 'AUIPC/JALR'
Date:   Sat, 24 Dec 2022 19:43:11 +0800
Message-Id: <20221224114315.850130-6-chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
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References: <20221224114315.850130-1-chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
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From: Liao Chang <liaochang1@huawei.com>

This patch implement the algorithm of searching free register(s) to
form a long-jump instruction pair.

AUIPC/JALR instruction pair is introduced with a much wider jump range
(4GB), where auipc loads the upper 20 bits to a free register and jalr
appends the lower 12 bits to form a 32 bit immediate. Since kprobes can
be instrumented at anywhere in kernel space, hence the free register
should be found in a generic way, not depending on the calling convention
or any other regulations.

The algorithm for finding the free register is inspired by the register
renaming in modern processors. From the perspective of register renaming,
a register could be represented as two different registers if two neighbour
instructions both write to it but no one ever reads. Extending this fact,
a register is considered to be free if there is no read before its next
write in the execution flow. We are free to change its value without
interfering normal execution.

In order to do jump optimization, it needs to search two free registers,
the first one is used to form AUIPC/JALR jumping to detour buffer, the
second one is used to form JR jumping back from detour buffer. If first
one never been updated by any instructions replaced by 'AUIPC/JALR',
both register supposes to the same one.

Let's use the example below to explain how the algorithm work. Given
kernel is RVI and RCV hybrid binary, and one kprobe is instrumented at
the entry of function idle_dummy.

Before			Optimized		Detour buffer
<idle_dummy>:					...
 #1 add  sp,sp,-16	auipc a0, #?		add  sp,sp,-16
 #2 sd   s0,8(sp)				sd   s0,8(sp)
 #3 addi s0,sp,16	jalr  a0, #?(a0)	addi s0,sp,16
 #4 ld   s0,8(sp)				ld   s0,8(sp)
 #5 li   a0,0		li   a0,0		auipc a0, #?
 #6 addi sp,sp,16	addi sp,sp,16		jr    x0, #?(a0)
 #7 ret			ret

For regular kprobe, it is trival to replace the first instruction with
C.EREABK, no more instruction and register will be clobber, in order to
optimize kprobe with long-jump, it used to patch the first 8 bytes with
AUIPC/JALR, and a0 will be chosen to save the address jumping to,
because from #1 to #7, a0 is the only one register that satifies two
conditions: (1) No read before write (2) Never been updated in detour
buffer. While s0 has been used as the source register at #2, so it is
not free to clobber.

The searching starts from the kprobe and stop at the last instruction of
function or the first branch/jump instruction, it decodes out the 'rs'
and 'rd' part of each visited instruction. If the 'rd' never been read
before, then record it to bitmask 'write'; if the 'rs' never been
written before, then record it to another bitmask 'read'. When searching
stops, the remaining bits of 'write' are the free registers to form
AUIPC/JALR or JR.

Signed-off-by: Liao Chang <liaochang1@huawei.com>
Co-developed-by: Chen Guokai <chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
Signed-off-by: Chen Guokai <chenguokai17@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
---
 arch/riscv/kernel/probes/opt.c | 223 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 223 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/opt.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/opt.c
index a4271e6033ba..a0d2ab39e3fa 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/opt.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/probes/opt.c
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 #include <asm/kprobes.h>
 #include <asm/patch.h>
 
+#include "simulate-insn.h"
+#include "decode-insn.h"
+
 static inline int in_auipc_jalr_range(long val)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_RV32I
@@ -37,15 +40,235 @@ static void prepare_detour_buffer(kprobe_opcode_t *code, kprobe_opcode_t *slot,
 {
 }
 
+/* Registers the first usage of which is the destination of instruction */
+#define WRITE_ON(reg)	\
+	(*write |= (((*read >> (reg)) ^ 1UL) & 1) << (reg))
+/* Registers the first usage of which is the source of instruction */
+#define READ_ON(reg)	\
+	(*read |= (((*write >> (reg)) ^ 1UL) & 1) << (reg))
+
 /*
  * In RISC-V ISA, AUIPC/JALR clobber one register to form target address,
  * by inspired by register renaming in OoO processor, this involves search
  * backwards that is not previously used as a source register and is used
  * as a destination register before any branch or jump instruction.
  */
+static void find_register(unsigned long start, unsigned long end,
+			  unsigned long *write, unsigned long *read)
+{
+	kprobe_opcode_t insn;
+	unsigned long addr, offset = 0UL;
+
+	for (addr = start; addr < end; addr += offset) {
+		insn = *(kprobe_opcode_t *)addr;
+		offset = GET_INSN_LENGTH(insn);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_RISCV_ISA_C
+		if (offset == RVI_INSN_LEN)
+			goto is_rvi;
+
+		insn &= __COMPRESSED_INSN_MASK;
+		/* Stop searching until any control transfer instruction */
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_ebreak(insn) || riscv_insn_is_c_j(insn))
+			break;
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_jal(insn)) {
+			/* The rd of C.JAL is x1 by default */
+			WRITE_ON(1);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_jr(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_r_rs1(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_jalr(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_r_rs1(insn));
+			/* The rd of C.JALR is x1 by default */
+			WRITE_ON(1);
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_beqz(insn) || riscv_insn_is_c_bnez(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_b_rs(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Decode RVC instructions that encode integer registers, try
+		 * to find out some destination register, the number of which
+		 * are equal with 'least' and never be used as source register.
+		 */
+		if (riscv_insn_is_c_sub(insn) || riscv_insn_is_c_subw(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_a_rs1(insn));
+			READ_ON(rvc_a_rs2(insn));
+			continue;
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_sq(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_sw(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_sd(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_s_rs1(insn));
+			READ_ON(rvc_s_rs2(insn));
+			continue;
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_addi16sp(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_addi(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_addiw(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_slli(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_i_rs1(insn));
+			continue;
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_sri(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_andi(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_b_rs(insn));
+			continue;
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_sqsp(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_swsp(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_sdsp(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_ss_rs2(insn));
+			/* The rs2 of C.SQSP/SWSP/SDSP are x2 by default */
+			READ_ON(2);
+			continue;
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_mv(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvc_r_rs2(insn));
+			WRITE_ON(rvc_r_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_addi4spn(insn)) {
+			/* The rs of C.ADDI4SPN is x2 by default */
+			READ_ON(2);
+			WRITE_ON(rvc_l_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_lq(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_lw(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_ld(insn)) {
+			/* FIXME: c.lw/c.ld share opcode with c.flw/c.fld */
+			READ_ON(rvc_l_rs(insn));
+			WRITE_ON(rvc_l_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_lqsp(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_lwsp(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_ldsp(insn)) {
+			/*
+			 * FIXME: c.lwsp/c.ldsp share opcode with c.flwsp/c.fldsp
+			 * The rs of C.LQSP/C.LWSP/C.LDSP is x2 by default.
+			 */
+			READ_ON(2);
+			WRITE_ON(rvc_i_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_c_li(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_c_lui(insn)) {
+			WRITE_ON(rvc_i_rd(insn));
+		}
+
+		if ((*write > 1UL) && __builtin_ctzl(*write & ~1UL))
+			return;
+is_rvi:
+#endif
+		/* Stop searching until any control transfer instruction */
+		if (riscv_insn_is_branch(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs1(insn));
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs2(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_jal(insn)) {
+			WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_jalr(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs1(insn));
+			WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (riscv_insn_is_system(insn)) {
+			/* csrrw, csrrs, csrrc */
+			if (rvi_rs1(insn))
+				READ_ON(rvi_rs1(insn));
+			/* csrrwi, csrrsi, csrrci, csrrw, csrrs, csrrc */
+			if (rvi_rd(insn))
+				WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Decode RVC instructions that has rd and rs, try to find out
+		 * some rd, the number of which are equal with 'least' and never
+		 * be used as rs.
+		 */
+		if (riscv_insn_is_lui(insn) || riscv_insn_is_auipc(insn)) {
+			WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_arith_ri(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_load(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs1(insn));
+			WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+		} else if (riscv_insn_is_arith_rr(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_store(insn) ||
+			   riscv_insn_is_amo(insn)) {
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs1(insn));
+			READ_ON(rvi_rs2(insn));
+			WRITE_ON(rvi_rd(insn));
+		}
+
+		if ((*write > 1UL) && __builtin_ctzl(*write & ~1UL))
+			return;
+	}
+}
+
 static void find_free_registers(struct kprobe *kp, struct optimized_kprobe *op,
 				int *rd, int *ra)
 {
+	unsigned long start, end;
+	/*
+	 * Searching algorithm explanation:
+	 *
+	 * 1. Define two types of instruction area firstly:
+	 *
+	 * +-----+
+	 * +     +
+	 * +     + ---> instrunctions modified by optprobe, named 'O-Area'.
+	 * +     +
+	 * +-----+
+	 * +     +
+	 * +     + ---> instructions after optprobe, named 'K-Area'.
+	 * +     +
+	 * +  ~  +
+	 *
+	 * 2. There are two usages for each GPR in given instruction area.
+	 *
+	 *   - W: GPR is used as the RD oprand at first emergence.
+	 *   - R: GPR is used as the RS oprand at first emergence.
+	 *
+	 * Then there are 4 different usages for each GPR totally:
+	 *
+	 *   1. Used as W in O-Area, Used as W in K-Area.
+	 *   2. Used as W in O-Area, Used as R in K-Area.
+	 *   3. Used as R in O-Area, Used as W in K-Area.
+	 *   4. Used as R in O-Area, Used as R in K-Area.
+	 *
+	 * All registers satisfy #1 or #3 could be chosen to form 'AUIPC/JALR'
+	 * jumping to detour buffer.
+	 *
+	 * All registers satisfy #1 or #2, could be chosen to form 'JR' jumping
+	 * back from detour buffer.
+	 */
+	unsigned long kw = 0UL, kr = 0UL, ow = 0UL, or = 0UL;
+
+	/* Search one free register used to form AUIPC/JALR */
+	start = (unsigned long)&kp->opcode;
+	end = start + GET_INSN_LENGTH(kp->opcode);
+	find_register(start, end, &ow, &or);
+
+	start = (unsigned long)kp->addr + GET_INSN_LENGTH(kp->opcode);
+	end = (unsigned long)kp->addr + op->optinsn.length;
+	find_register(start, end, &ow, &or);
+
+	/* Search one free register used to form JR */
+	find_register(end, (unsigned long)_end, &kw, &kr);
+
+	if ((kw & ow) > 1UL) {
+		*rd = __builtin_ctzl((kw & ow) & ~1UL);
+		*ra = *rd;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	*rd = ((kw | ow) == 1UL) ? 0 : __builtin_ctzl((kw | ow) & ~1UL);
+	*ra = (kw == 1UL) ? 0 : __builtin_ctzl(kw & ~1UL);
 }
 
 /*
-- 
2.34.1