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From:   Vineeth Pillai <vineeth@bitbyteword.org>
To:     luca.abeni@santannapisa.it, Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@redhat.com>,
        Daniel Bristot de Oliveira <bristot@redhat.com>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>,
        Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org>,
        Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>,
        Joel Fernandes <joel@joelfernandes.org>,
        youssefesmat@google.com,
        Dietmar Eggemann <dietmar.eggemann@arm.com>,
        Ben Segall <bsegall@google.com>, Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>,
        Valentin Schneider <vschneid@redhat.com>
Cc:     Vineeth Pillai <vineeth@bitbyteword.org>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
        linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH v5 1/2] sched/deadline: Fix bandwidth reclaim equation in GRUB
Date:   Tue, 30 May 2023 09:55:25 -0400
Message-Id: <20230530135526.2385378-1-vineeth@bitbyteword.org>
MIME-Version: 1.0
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Precedence: bulk

According to the GRUB[1] rule, the runtime is depreciated as:
  "dq = -max{u, (1 - Uinact - Uextra)} dt" (1)

To guarantee that deadline tasks doesn't starve lower class tasks,
we do not allocate the full bandwidth of the cpu to deadline tasks.
Maximum bandwidth usable by deadline tasks is denoted by "Umax".
Considering Umax, equation (1) becomes:
  "dq = -(max{u, (Umax - Uinact - Uextra)} / Umax) dt" (2)

Current implementation has a minor bug in equation (2), which this
patch fixes.

The reclamation logic is verified by a sample program which creates
multiple deadline threads and observing their utilization. The tests
were run on an isolated cpu(isolcpus=3) on a 4 cpu system.

Tests on 6.3.0
==============

RUN 1: runtime=7ms, deadline=period=10ms, RT capacity = 95%
TID[693]: RECLAIM=1, (r=7ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 93.33
TID[693]: RECLAIM=1, (r=7ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 93.35

RUN 2: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=100ms, RT capacity = 95%
TID[708]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 16.69
TID[708]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 16.69

RUN 3: 2 tasks
  Task 1: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=10ms
  Task 2: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=100ms
TID[631]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 62.67
TID[632]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 6.37
TID[631]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 62.38
TID[632]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 6.23

As seen above, the reclamation doesn't reclaim the maximum allowed
bandwidth and as the bandwidth of tasks gets smaller, the reclaimed
bandwidth also comes down.

Tests with this patch applied
=============================

RUN 1: runtime=7ms, deadline=period=10ms, RT capacity = 95%
TID[608]: RECLAIM=1, (r=7ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 95.19
TID[608]: RECLAIM=1, (r=7ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 95.16

RUN 2: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=100ms, RT capacity = 95%
TID[616]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 95.27
TID[616]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 95.21

RUN 3: 2 tasks
  Task 1: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=10ms
  Task 2: runtime=1ms, deadline=period=100ms
TID[620]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 86.64
TID[621]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 8.66
TID[620]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=10ms, p=10ms), Util: 86.45
TID[621]: RECLAIM=1, (r=1ms, d=100ms, p=100ms), Util: 8.73

Running tasks on all cpus allowing for migration also showed that
the utilization is reclaimed to the maximum. Running 10 tasks on
3 cpus SCHED_FLAG_RECLAIM - top shows:
%Cpu0  : 94.6 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,  5.4 id,  0.0 wa
%Cpu1  : 95.2 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,  4.8 id,  0.0 wa
%Cpu2  : 95.8 us,  0.0 sy,  0.0 ni,  4.2 id,  0.0 wa

[1]: Abeni, Luca & Lipari, Giuseppe & Parri, Andrea & Sun, Youcheng.
     (2015). Parallel and sequential reclaiming in multicore
     real-time global scheduling.

Signed-off-by: Vineeth Pillai (Google) <vineeth@bitbyteword.org>
---
 kernel/sched/deadline.c | 50 +++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 kernel/sched/sched.h    |  6 +++++
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/sched/deadline.c b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
index 71b24371a6f7..dfb59a363560 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/deadline.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
@@ -1260,43 +1260,39 @@ int dl_runtime_exceeded(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
 }
 
 /*
- * This function implements the GRUB accounting rule:
- * according to the GRUB reclaiming algorithm, the runtime is
- * not decreased as "dq = -dt", but as
- * "dq = -max{u / Umax, (1 - Uinact - Uextra)} dt",
+ * This function implements the GRUB accounting rule. According to the
+ * GRUB reclaiming algorithm, the runtime is not decreased as "dq = -dt",
+ * but as "dq = -(max{u, (Umax - Uinact - Uextra)} / Umax) dt",
  * where u is the utilization of the task, Umax is the maximum reclaimable
  * utilization, Uinact is the (per-runqueue) inactive utilization, computed
  * as the difference between the "total runqueue utilization" and the
- * runqueue active utilization, and Uextra is the (per runqueue) extra
+ * "runqueue active utilization", and Uextra is the (per runqueue) extra
  * reclaimable utilization.
- * Since rq->dl.running_bw and rq->dl.this_bw contain utilizations
- * multiplied by 2^BW_SHIFT, the result has to be shifted right by
- * BW_SHIFT.
- * Since rq->dl.bw_ratio contains 1 / Umax multiplied by 2^RATIO_SHIFT,
- * dl_bw is multiped by rq->dl.bw_ratio and shifted right by RATIO_SHIFT.
- * Since delta is a 64 bit variable, to have an overflow its value
- * should be larger than 2^(64 - 20 - 8), which is more than 64 seconds.
- * So, overflow is not an issue here.
+ * Since rq->dl.running_bw and rq->dl.this_bw contain utilizations multiplied
+ * by 2^BW_SHIFT, the result has to be shifted right by BW_SHIFT.
+ * Since rq->dl.bw_ratio contains 1 / Umax multiplied by 2^RATIO_SHIFT, dl_bw
+ * is multiped by rq->dl.bw_ratio and shifted right by RATIO_SHIFT.
+ * Since delta is a 64 bit variable, to have an overflow its value should be
+ * larger than 2^(64 - 20 - 8), which is more than 64 seconds. So, overflow is
+ * not an issue here.
  */
 static u64 grub_reclaim(u64 delta, struct rq *rq, struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se)
 {
-	u64 u_inact = rq->dl.this_bw - rq->dl.running_bw; /* Utot - Uact */
 	u64 u_act;
-	u64 u_act_min = (dl_se->dl_bw * rq->dl.bw_ratio) >> RATIO_SHIFT;
+	u64 u_inact = rq->dl.this_bw - rq->dl.running_bw; /* Utot - Uact */
 
 	/*
-	 * Instead of computing max{u * bw_ratio, (1 - u_inact - u_extra)},
-	 * we compare u_inact + rq->dl.extra_bw with
-	 * 1 - (u * rq->dl.bw_ratio >> RATIO_SHIFT), because
-	 * u_inact + rq->dl.extra_bw can be larger than
-	 * 1 * (so, 1 - u_inact - rq->dl.extra_bw would be negative
-	 * leading to wrong results)
+	 * Instead of computing max{u, (u_max - u_inact - u_extra)}, we
+	 * compare u_inact + u_extra with u_max - u, because u_inact + u_extra
+	 * can be larger than u_max. So, u_max - u_inact - u_extra would be
+	 * negative leading to wrong results.
 	 */
-	if (u_inact + rq->dl.extra_bw > BW_UNIT - u_act_min)
-		u_act = u_act_min;
+	if (u_inact + rq->dl.extra_bw > rq->dl.max_bw - dl_se->dl_bw)
+		u_act = dl_se->dl_bw;
 	else
-		u_act = BW_UNIT - u_inact - rq->dl.extra_bw;
+		u_act = rq->dl.max_bw - u_inact - rq->dl.extra_bw;
 
+	u_act = (u_act * rq->dl.bw_ratio) >> RATIO_SHIFT;
 	return (delta * u_act) >> BW_SHIFT;
 }
 
@@ -2784,12 +2780,12 @@ static void init_dl_rq_bw_ratio(struct dl_rq *dl_rq)
 {
 	if (global_rt_runtime() == RUNTIME_INF) {
 		dl_rq->bw_ratio = 1 << RATIO_SHIFT;
-		dl_rq->extra_bw = 1 << BW_SHIFT;
+		dl_rq->max_bw = dl_rq->extra_bw = 1 << BW_SHIFT;
 	} else {
 		dl_rq->bw_ratio = to_ratio(global_rt_runtime(),
 			  global_rt_period()) >> (BW_SHIFT - RATIO_SHIFT);
-		dl_rq->extra_bw = to_ratio(global_rt_period(),
-						    global_rt_runtime());
+		dl_rq->max_bw = dl_rq->extra_bw =
+			to_ratio(global_rt_period(), global_rt_runtime());
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/sched/sched.h b/kernel/sched/sched.h
index 3e8df6d31c1e..73027c2806dc 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/sched.h
+++ b/kernel/sched/sched.h
@@ -753,6 +753,12 @@ struct dl_rq {
 	u64			this_bw;
 	u64			extra_bw;
 
+	/*
+	 * Maximum available bandwidth for reclaiming by SCHED_FLAG_RECLAIM
+	 * tasks of this rq. Used in calculation of reclaimable bandwidth(GRUB).
+	 */
+	u64			max_bw;
+
 	/*
 	 * Inverse of the fraction of CPU utilization that can be reclaimed
 	 * by the GRUB algorithm.
-- 
2.40.1