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From:   Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Date:   Fri, 21 Jul 2023 20:18:01 +0200
Message-ID: <CANn89iLQhCu=daXAtMJDFGQ9mRCd99b=bR=nN5qw4un8DQ1tSQ@mail.gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v8.1 net-next 00/23] net/tcp: Add TCP-AO support
To:     David Ahern <dsahern@kernel.org>
Cc:     Dmitry Safonov <dima@arista.com>, Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>,
        Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>,
        "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>,
        linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
        Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>,
        Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>,
        Bob Gilligan <gilligan@arista.com>,
        Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>,
        David Laight <David.Laight@aculab.com>,
        Dmitry Safonov <0x7f454c46@gmail.com>,
        Donald Cassidy <dcassidy@redhat.com>,
        Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>,
        "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>,
        Francesco Ruggeri <fruggeri05@gmail.com>,
        "Gaillardetz, Dominik" <dgaillar@ciena.com>,
        Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>,
        Hideaki YOSHIFUJI <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org>,
        Ivan Delalande <colona@arista.com>,
        Leonard Crestez <cdleonard@gmail.com>,
        Salam Noureddine <noureddine@arista.com>,
        "Tetreault, Francois" <ftetreau@ciena.com>, netdev@vger.kernel.org,
        Steen Hegelund <Steen.Hegelund@microchip.com>
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On Fri, Jul 21, 2023 at 8:12=E2=80=AFPM David Ahern <dsahern@kernel.org> wr=
ote:
>
> On 7/21/23 10:18 AM, Dmitry Safonov wrote:
> > Hi,
> >
> > This is version 8.1 of TCP-AO support. I base it on net-next as
> > there's commit 5e5265522a9a ("tcp: annotate data-races around
> > tcp_rsk(req)->txhash") which makes a minor conflict.
> >
> > The good news is that all pre-required patches have merged to
> > Torvald's/master. Thanks to Herbert, crypto clone-tfm just works on
> > master for all TCP-AO supported algorithms.
> > So, this is the first version of the patch set that has only net-relate=
d
> > changes (well, selftests as well, but they'll be upstreamed separately)=
.
> >
> > In this version, I've finally spent time and written Documentation/ pag=
e
> > on TCP-AO. It has Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on RFC 5925 - I foun=
d
> > it very useful to answer those before writing the actual code.
> > It provides answers to common questions that arise on a quick read of
> > the RFC as well as how they were answered. There's also a comparison
> > to the TCP-MD5 option, an evaluation of per-socket vs in-kernel-DB
> > approaches and a description of uAPI provided.
> > I hope it will be as useful for reviewing the code as it was for writin=
g.
> >
> > The most important changes in this version are:
> > - CONFIG_TCP_AO implies CONFIG_IPV6 !=3D m. I don't feel like that
> >   combination would be useful to anyone and it'd be painful to fix.
> > - uAPI change in TCP_AO_REPAIR (introduced in version 7): I removed
> >   {snd,rcv}_sne_seq counters. They were just copies of snd_nxt/snd_una.
> >   No reason for polluting uAPI as well as needlessly copying them.
> > - TCP_AO_MAX_HASH_SIZE is removed and all temporary buffers are
> >   kmalloc()'d. That also saves a couple of bytes for hmac(sha1) and
> >   cmac(aes128) traffic keys as they now are allocated with
> >   exact hash algo's digest_size.
> >
> > There's an independent patch set for TCP-MD5 to verify segments on twsk=
:
> > https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230509221608.2569333-1-dima@arista.com/T/=
#u
> > That may be used to verify TCP-AO segments on twsk as well.
> >
> > There seem to be more people that connected me off-list asking me about
> > the status of patches and when I expect them to merge. Cc'ing more
> > interested parties here (ping me directly if you don't want to be in
> > copy). It would be helpful if you provide your reviews and tested-by's.
> > As far as I'm aware, version 7 was ported to RHEL, so now there are
> > probably more downstream kernels with TCP-AO support.
> >
> > Also available as a git branch for pulling:
> > https://github.com/0x7f454c46/linux/tree/tcp-ao-v8.1
> > And another branch with selftests, that will be sent later separately:
> > https://github.com/0x7f454c46/linux/tree/tcp-ao-v8-with-selftests
> >
> > Thanks for your time and reviews,
> >          Dmitry
> >
> > --- Changelog ---
> >
> > Changes from v8:
> > - Rebased/retested on linux-net-next
> >
> > Version 8: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230719202631.472019-1-dima@ari=
sta.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v7:
> > - Fixed copy'n'paste typo in unsigned-md5.c selftest output
> > - Fix build error in tcp_v6_send_reset() (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.=
com>)
> > - Make CONFIG_TCP_AO imply IPV6 !=3D m
> > - Cleanup EXPORT_SYMBOL*() as they aren't needed with IPV6 !=3D m
> > - Used scratch area instead of on-stack buffer for scatter-gather list
> >   in tcp_v{4,6}_ao_calc_key(). Fixes CONFIG_VMAP_STACK=3Dy + CONFIG_DEB=
UG_SG=3Dy
> > - Allocated digest_size'd buffers for traffic keys in tcp_ao_key instea=
d
> >   of maximum-sized buffers of TCP_AO_MAX_HASH_SIZE. That will save
> >   little space per key and also potentially allow algorithms with
> >   digest size > TCP_AO_MAX_HASH_SIZE.
> > - Removed TCP_AO_MAX_HASH_SIZE and used kmalloc(GFP_ATOMIC) instead of
> >   on-stack hash buffer.
> > - Don't treat fd=3D0 as invalid in selftests
> > - Make TCP-AO selftests work with CONFIG_CRYPTO_FIPS=3Dy
> > - Don't tcp_ao_compute_sne() for snd_sne on twsk: it's redundant as
> >   no data can be sent on twsk
> > - Get rid of {snd,rcv}_sne_seq: use snd_nxt/snd_una or rcv_nxt instead
> > - {rcv,snd}_sne and tcp_ao_compute_sne() now are introduced in
> >   "net/tcp: Add TCP-AO SNE support" patch
> > - trivial copy_to_sockptr() fixup for tcp_ao_get_repair() - it could
> >   try copying bigger struct than the kernel one (embarrassing!)
> > - Added Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst that describes:
> >   uAPI, has FAQ on RFC 5925 and has implementation details of Linux TCP=
-AO
> >
> > Version 7: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230614230947.3954084-1-dima@ar=
ista.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v6:
> > - Some more trivial build warnings fixups (kernel test robot <lkp@intel=
.com>)
> > - Added TCP_AO_REPAIR setsockopt(), getsockopt()
> > - Allowed TCP_AO_* setsockopts if (tp->repair) is on
> > - Added selftests for TCP_AO_REPAIR, that also check incorrect
> >   ISNs/SNEs, which result in a broken TCP-AO connection - that verifies
> >   that both Initial Sequence Numbers and Sequence Number Extension are
> >   part of MAC generation
> > - Using TCP_AO_REPAIR added a selftest for SEQ numbers rollover,
> >   checking that SNE was incremented, connection is alive post-rolloever
> >   and no TCP segments with a wrong signature arrived
> > - Wrote a selftest for RST segments: both active reset (goes through
> >   transmit_skb()) and passive reset (goes through tcp_v{4,6}_send_reset=
()).
> > - Refactored and made readable tcp_v{4,6}_send_reset(), also adding
> >   support for TCP_LISTEN/TCP_NEW_SYN_RECV
> > - Dropped per-CPU ahash requests allocations in favor of Herbert's
> >   clone-tfm crypto API
> > - Added Donald Cassidy to Cc as he's interested in getting it into RHEL=
.
> >
> > Version 6: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230512202311.2845526-1-dima@ar=
ista.com/T/#u
> >
> > iperf[3] benchmarks for version 6:
> >                            v6.4-rc1                 TCP-AO-v6
> >   TCP                      43.9 Gbits/sec           43.5 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-MD5                  2.20 Gbits/sec           2.25 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(sha1))                                2.53 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(sha512))                              1.67 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(sha384))                              1.77 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(sha224))                              1.29 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(sha3-512))                             481 Mbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(md5))                                 2.07 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(hmac(rmd160))                              1.01 Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(cmac(aes128))                              2.11 Gbits/sec
> >
> > Changes from v5:
> > - removed check for TCP_AO_KEYF_IFINDEX in delete command:
> >   VRF might have been destroyed, there still needs to be a way to delet=
e
> >   keys that were bound to that l3intf (should tcp_v{4,6}_parse_md5_keys=
()
> >   avoid the same check as well?)
> > - corrected copy'n'paste typo in tcp_ao_info_cmd() (assign ao_info->rne=
xt_key)
> > - simplified a bit tcp_ao_copy_mkts_to_user(); added more UAPI checks
> >   for getsockopt(TCP_AO_GET_KEYS)
> > - More UAPI selftests in setsockopt-closed: 29 =3D> 120
> > - ported TCP-AO patches on Herbert's clone-tfm changes
> > - adjusted iperf patch for TCP-AO UAPI changes from version 5
> > - added measures for TCP-AO with tcp_sigpool & clone_tfm backends
> >
> > Version 5: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230403213420.1576559-1-dima@ar=
ista.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v4:
> > - Renamed tcp_ao_matched_key() =3D> tcp_ao_established_key()
> > - Missed `static` in function definitions
> >   (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Fixed CONFIG_IPV6=3Dm build
> > - Unexported tcp_md5_*_sigpool() functions
> > - Cleaned up tcp_ao.h: undeclared tcp_ao_cache_traffic_keys(),
> >   tcp_v4_ao_calc_key_skb(); removed tcp_v4_inbound_ao_hash()
> > - Marked "net/tcp: Prepare tcp_md5sig_pool for TCP-AO" as a [draft] pat=
ch
> > - getsockopt() now returns TCP-AO per-key counters
> > - Another getsockopt() now returns per-ao_info stats: counters
> >   and accept_icmps flag state
> > - Wired up getsockopt() returning counters to selftests
> > - Fixed a porting mistake: TCP-AO hash in some cases was written in TCP
> >   header without accounting for MAC length of the key, rewritting skb
> >   shared info
> > - Fail adding a key with L3 ifindex when !TCP_AO_KEYF_IFINDEX, instead
> >   of ignoring tcpa_ifindex (stricter UAPI check)
> > - Added more test-cases to setsockopt-closed.c selftest
> > - tcp_ao_hash_skb_data() was a copy'n'paste of tcp_md5_hash_skb_data()
> >   share it now under tcp_sigpool_hash_skb_data()
> > - tcp_ao_mkt_overlap_v{4,6}() deleted as they just re-invented
> >   tcp_ao_do_lookup(). That fixes an issue with multiple IPv4-mapped-IPv=
6
> >   keys for different peers on a listening socket.
> > - getsockopt() now is tested to return correct VRF number for a key
> > - TCP-AO and TCP-MD5 interraction in non/default VRFs: added +19 selfte=
sts
> >   made them SKIP when CONFIG_VRF=3Dn
> > - unsigned-md5 selftests now checks both scenarios:
> >   (1) adding TCP-AO key _after_ TCP-MD5 key
> >   (2) adding TCP-MD5 key _after_ TCP-AO key
> > - Added a ratelimited warning if TCP-AO key.ifindex doesn't match
> >   sk->sk_bound_dev_if - that will warn a user for potential VRF issues
> > - tcp_v{4,6}_parse_md5_keys() now allows adding TCP-MD5 key with
> >   ifindex=3D0 and TCP_MD5SIG_FLAG_IFINDEX together with TCP-AO key from
> >   another VRF
> > - Add TCP_AO_CMDF_AO_REQUIRED, which makes a socket TCP-AO only,
> >   rejecting TCP-MD5 keys or any unsigned TCP segments
> > - Remove `tcpa_' prefix for UAPI structure members
> > - UAPI cleanup: I've separated & renamed per-socket settings
> >   (such as ao_info flags + current/rnext set) from per-key changes:
> >   TCP_AO     =3D> TCP_AO_ADD_KEY
> >   TCP_AO_DEL =3D> TCP_AO_DEL_KEY
> >   TCP_AO_GET =3D> TCP_AO_GET_KEYS
> >   TCP_AO_MOD =3D> TCP_AO_INFO, the structure is now valid for both
> >                 getsockopt() and setsockopt().
> > - tcp_ao_current_rnext() was split up in order to fail earlier when
> >   sndid/rcvid specified can't be set, before anything was changed in ao=
_info
> > - fetch current_key before dumping TCP-AO keys in getsockopt(TCP_AO_GET=
_KEYS):
> >   it may race with changing current_key by RX, which in result might
> >   produce a dump with no current_key for userspace.
> > - instead of TCP_AO_CMDF_* flags, used bitfileds: the flags weren't
> >   shared between all TCP_AO_{ADD,GET,DEL}_KEY{,S}, so bitfields are mor=
e
> >   descriptive here
> > - use READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE() for current_key and rnext_key more
> >   consistently; document in comment the rules for accessing them
> > - selftests: check all setsockopts()/getsockopts() support extending
> >   option structs
> >
> > Version 4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230215183335.800122-1-dima@ari=
sta.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v3:
> > - TCP_MD5 dynamic static key enable/disable patches merged separately [=
4]
> > - crypto_pool patches were nacked [5], so instead this patch set extend=
s
> >   TCP-MD5-sigpool to be used for TCP-AO as well as for TCP-MD5
> > - Added missing `static' for tcp_v6_ao_calc_key()
> >   (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Removed CONFIG_TCP_AO default=3Dy and added "If unsure, say N."
> > - Don't leak ao_info and don't create an unsigned TCP socket if there w=
as
> >   a TCP-AO key during handshake, but it was removed from listening sock=
et
> >   while the connection was being established
> > - Migrate to use static_key_fast_inc_not_disabled() and check return
> >   code of static_branch_inc()
> > - Change some return codes to EAFNOSUPPORT for error-pathes where
> >   family is neither AF_INET nor AF_INET6
> > - setsockopt()s on a closed/listen socket might have created stray ao_i=
nfo,
> >   remove it if connect() is called with a correct TCP-MD5 key, the same
> >   for the reverse situation: remove md5sig_info straight away from the
> >   socket if it's going to be TCP-AO connection
> > - IPv4-mapped-IPv6 addresses + selftest in fcnal-test.sh (by Salam)
> > - fix using uninitialized sisn/disn from stack - it would only make
> >   non-SYN packets fail verification on a listen socket, which are not
> >   expected anyway (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - implicit padding in UAPI TCP-AO structures converted to explicit
> >   (spotted-by David Laight)
> > - Some selftests missed zero-initializers for uapi structs on stack
> > - Removed tcp_ao_do_lookup_rcvid() and tcp_ao_do_lookup_sndid() in
> >   favor of unified tcp_ao_matched_key()
> > - Disallowed setting current/rnext keys on listen sockets - that wasn't
> >   supported and didn't affect anything, cleanup for the UAPI
> > - VRFs support for TCP-AO
> >
> > Version 3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221027204347.529913-1-dima@ari=
sta.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v2:
> > - Added more missing `static' declarations for local functions
> >   (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Building now with CONFIG_TCP_AO=3Dn and CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG=3Dn
> >   (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Now setsockopt(TCP_AO) is allowed when it's TCP_LISTEN or TCP_CLOSE
> >   state OR the key added is not the first key on a socket (by Salam)
> > - CONFIG_TCP_AO does not depend on CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG anymore
> > - Don't leak tcp_md5_needed static branch counter when TCP-MD5 key
> >   is modified/changed
> > - TCP-AO lookups are dynamically enabled/disabled with static key when
> >   there is ao_info in the system (and when it is destroyed)
> > - Wired SYN cookies up to TCP-AO (by Salam)
> > - Fix verification for possible re-transmitted SYN packets (by Salam)
> > - use sockopt_lock_sock() instead of lock_sock()
> >   (from v6.1 rebase, commit d51bbff2aba7)
> > - use sockptr_t in getsockopt(TCP_AO_GET)
> >   (from v6.1 rebase, commit 34704ef024ae)
> > - Fixed reallocating crypto_pool's scratch area by IPI while
> >   crypto_pool_get() was get by another CPU
> > - selftests on older kernels (or with CONFIG_TCP_AO=3Dn) should exit wi=
th
> >   SKIP, not FAIL (Shuah Khan <shuah@kernel.org>)
> > - selftests that check interaction between TCP-AO and TCP-MD5 now
> >   SKIP when CONFIG_TCP_MD5SIG=3Dn
> > - Measured the performance of different hashing algorithms for TCP-AO
> >   and compare with TCP-MD5 performance. This is done with hacky patches
> >   to iperf (see [3]). At this moment I've done it in qemu/KVM with CPU
> >   affinities set on Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7600U CPU @ 2.80GHz.
> >   No performance degradation was noticed before/after patches, but give=
n
> >   the measures were done in a VM, without measuring it on a physical du=
t
> >   it only gives a hint of relative speed for different hash algorithms
> >   with TCP-AO. Here are results, averaging on 30 measures each:
> >   TCP:                    3.51Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-MD5:                1.12Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(SHA1)):     1.53Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(CMAC(AES128)):   621Mbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(SHA512)):   1.21Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(SHA384)):   1.20Gbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(SHA224)):   961Mbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(SHA3-512)): 157Mbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(RMD160)):   659Mbits/sec
> >   TCP-AO(HMAC(MD5):       1.12Gbits/sec
> >   (the last one is just for fun, but may make sense as it provides
> >   the same security as TCP-MD5, but allows multiple keys and a mechanis=
m
> >   to change them from RFC5925)
> >
> > Version 2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220923201319.493208-1-dima@ari=
sta.com/T/#u
> >
> > Changes from v1:
> > - Building now with CONFIG_IPV6=3Dn (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Added missing static declarations for local functions
> >   (kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>)
> > - Addressed static analyzer and review comments by Dan Carpenter
> >   (thanks, they were very useful!)
> > - Fix elif without defined() for !CONFIG_TCP_AO
> > - Recursively build selftests/net/tcp_ao (Shuah Khan), patches in:
> >   https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220919201958.279545-1-dima@arista.com/T=
/#u
> > - Don't leak crypto_pool reference when TCP-MD5 key is modified/changed
> > - Add TCP-AO support for nettest.c and fcnal-test.sh
> >   (will be used for VRF testing in later versions)
> >
> > Comparison between Leonard proposal and this (overview):
> > https://lore.kernel.org/all/3cf03d51-74db-675c-b392-e4647fa5b5a6@arista=
.com/T/#u
> >
> > Version 1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220818170005.747015-1-dima@ari=
sta.com/T/#u
> >
> > This patchset implements the TCP-AO option as described in RFC5925. The=
re
> > is a request from industry to move away from TCP-MD5SIG and it seems th=
e time
> > is right to have a TCP-AO upstreamed. This TCP option is meant to repla=
ce
> > the TCP MD5 option and address its shortcomings. Specifically, it provi=
des
> > more secure hashing, key rotation and support for long-lived connection=
s
> > (see the summary of TCP-AO advantages over TCP-MD5 in (1.3) of RFC5925)=
.
> > The patch series starts with six patches that are not specific to TCP-A=
O
> > but implement a general crypto facility that we thought is useful
> > to eliminate code duplication between TCP-MD5SIG and TCP-AO as well as =
other
> > crypto users. These six patches are being submitted separately in
> > a different patchset [1]. Including them here will show better the gain
> > in code sharing. Next are 18 patches that implement the actual TCP-AO o=
ption,
> > followed by patches implementing selftests.
> >
> > The patch set was written as a collaboration of three authors (in alpha=
betical
> > order): Dmitry Safonov, Francesco Ruggeri and Salam Noureddine. Additio=
nal
> > credits should be given to Prasad Koya, who was involved in early proto=
typing
> > a few years back. There is also a separate submission done by Leonard C=
restez
> > whom we thank for his efforts getting an implementation of RFC5925 subm=
itted
> > for review upstream [2]. This is an independent implementation that mak=
es
> > different design decisions.
> >
> > For example, we chose a similar design to the TCP-MD5SIG implementation=
 and
> > used setsockopts to program per-socket keys, avoiding the extra complex=
ity
> > of managing a centralized key database in the kernel. A centralized dat=
abase
> > in the kernel has dubious benefits since it doesn=E2=80=99t eliminate p=
er-socket
> > setsockopts needed to specify which sockets need TCP-AO and what are th=
e
> > currently preferred keys. It also complicates traffic key caching and
> > preventing deletion of in-use keys.
> >
> > In this implementation, a centralized database of keys can be thought o=
f
> > as living in user space and user applications would have to program tho=
se
> > keys on matching sockets. On the server side, the user application prog=
rams
> > keys (MKTS in TCP-AO nomenclature) on the listening socket for all peer=
s that
> > are expected to connect. Prefix matching on the peer address is support=
ed.
> > When a peer issues a successful connect, all the MKTs matching the IP a=
ddress
> > of the peer are copied to the newly created socket. On the active side,
> > when a connect() is issued all MKTs that do not match the peer are dele=
ted
> > from the socket since they will never match the peer. This implementati=
on
> > uses three setsockopt()s for adding, deleting and modifying keys on a s=
ocket.
> > All three setsockopt()s have extensive sanity checks that prevent
> > inconsistencies in the keys on a given socket. A getsockopt() is provid=
ed
> > to get key information from any given socket.
> >
> > Few things to note about this implementation:
> > - Traffic keys are cached for established connections avoiding the cost=
 of
> >   such calculation for each packet received or sent.
> > - Great care has been taken to avoid deleting in-use MKTs
> >   as required by the RFC.
> > - Any crypto algorithm supported by the Linux kernel can be used
> >   to calculate packet hashes.
> > - Fastopen works with TCP-AO but hasn=E2=80=99t been tested extensively=
.
> > - Tested for interop with other major networking vendors (on linux-4.19=
),
> >   including testing for key rotation and long lived connections.
> >
> > [1]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20220726201600.1715505-1-dima@arista.c=
om/
> > [2]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1658815925.git.cdleonard@gmail.c=
om/
> > [3]: https://github.com/0x7f454c46/iperf/tree/tcp-md5-ao
> > [4]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/166995421700.16716.1744614716278088140=
7.git-patchwork-notify@kernel.org/T/#u
> > [5]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/Y8kSkW4X4vQdFyOl@gondor.apana.org.au/T=
/#u
> > [6]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/ZDefxOq6Ax0JeTRH@gondor.apana.org.au/T=
/#u
> >
>
> For the set:
> Acked-by: David Ahern <dsahern@kernel.org>

I will have to review this series, of course, if bots are happy.