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Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 23:01:01 +1000
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Subject: Re: [Automated-testing] Call for nommu LTP maintainer [was: Re:
 [PATCH 00/36] Remove UCLINUX from LTP]
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To: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>, Petr Vorel <pvorel@suse.cz>,
 Tim Bird <tim.bird@sony.com>
Cc: Cyril Hrubis <chrubis@suse.cz>, Geert Uytterhoeven
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From: Greg Ungerer <gerg@linux-m68k.org>
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Hey Rob,

Reading your emails can be exhausting :-)


On 13/1/24 06:16, Rob Landley wrote:
> On 1/10/24 20:25, Greg Ungerer wrote:
>> Sorry Rob, but I think you are wrong about a number of things here.
> 
> Happy to be corrected. I learned most of this stuff by people pointing things
> out I didn't know. But I _have_ been trying to collect this info for about 15
> years now...
> 
>> I know, I was there at the coal face so to speak during the early
>> years of uClinux and right up today. I feel I have to correct some of
>> the things you claim.
> 
> I only heard about the politics long after the fact, and the stories have a lot
> of elisions because what happens in Utah sadly does NOT stay in Utah.

I came to Lineo through the Moreton Bay acquisition, and I worked with
Jeff, Tim and Erik. Actually I had been collaborating with Jeff when still at
RT-control before that as well. Lineo was a wild ride, to say the least.


> I didn't get involved in busybox until either 2002 or 2003 depending how you
> want to count it. After the dot com crash, around the time of the SCO trial.
> Erik Andersen having once worked there was about as relevant as Linus' day job
> at Transmeta, or busybox having started life years earlier as Debian's answer to
> Red Hat Nash before being abandoned for 3 years before Erik picked it up. I
> heard that this stuff was used in uClinux, but its use in linksys routers was
> far more immediately relevant.
> 
> Shortly after the dot-com crash Ray Noorda went senile and got elder abused into
> allowing the SCO lawsuits run by the canopy group (his personal money managers,
> gone rogue), by which time Erik Andersen and Jeff Dionne and Tim Bird and so on
> had all gone on to other employers. Tim heading to Sony, Jeff moved to Japan to
> do hardware and leaving uClinux behind, and Erik continued busybox and uclibc as
> personal projects from a server connected to the DSL line in his basement.
> 
> By the time I showed up uclinux never came up on the mailing list, the IRC
> channel, or in private email. I was introduced to busybox+uclibc by tomsrtbt,
> and the highest profile consumer of Erik's output was Linksys routers.
> 
> My goal with busybox was making it work in a development environment, initially
> to replace most of the the 110 megabytes of gnu bloatware in Linux From Scratch
> with the 1.7 megabytes of tomsrtbt to free up some of the 700 megabyte budget of
> knoppix CDs. Making that actually _work_ took long enough to accomplish that
> "knoppix" stopped being "the bootable CD" and every distro had one now (usually
> as their install CD: try it live then install from the desktop you'd booted into
> if you want to keep it).
> 
> After I finally got it all working (https://landley.net/aboriginal/news.html
> either the 1.0 release rebuilding itself under itself on September 5, 2010 or
> the 1.1 release building Linux From Scratch 6.7 under the result on October 2,
> 2011 depending how you want to measure), I moved on to focusing on toybox
> development instead (trying to get it into Android so THAT could become
> self-hosting and provide a real development environment with a USB
> keyboard+mouse and chromecast to a big TV), and other people took over creating
> Adelie Linux and Alpine Linux and so on based on busybox instead of gnu tools.
> 
> I didn't get into nommu development full-time until 2014 when Jeff Dionne hired
> me to work on his j-core project. I'd heard the name, but never spoken to him
> before he reached out to me by email, then phone interview, then flew me to Japan.
> 
> While working for Jeff I asked various computer history questions because it's a
> hobby of mine, but there's been a pandemic between then and now. I wasn't there,
> the details of the answers I _did_ get are fuzzy by now, and there were some...
> stories. Let's just say a canadian who moved to Utah and then moved to LITERALLY
> THE OTHER SIDE OF THE PLANET may may have seen some stuff. I've also bumped into
> Tim Bird on and off since 2006 (through CELF/ELC and the Linux Jamboree at
> Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo and
> https://elinux.org/CELF_Project_Proposal/Combine_tcg_with_tcc and so on) and
> he's never spoken of Lineo once.
> 
> The work I did helped kill the old uclinux distro, although I didn't realize it

I think you are giving yourself a little bit too much credit here...


> at the time. The various package patches it had carried were already pushed
> upstream into linux and gcc and so on, and busybox worked as a nommu userspace.
> By making "build a busybox+uclibc system with a vanilla kernel" easier to do and
> more powerful by itself, uclinux became less relevant. Various people sent me
> nommu fixes when I was maintaining busybox, which was like sending me fixes for
> running busybox on linksys (or openwrt) routers. I didn't have that hardware,
> but I knew the _general_ theory and tried not to break it. Don't do unaligned
> access, be careful of endianness, and here's what's necessary for nommu:

Surely this is the end goal though?
Build systems should not have to carry patches in a perfect world.
  

> https://git.busybox.net/busybox/commit/?id=b1b3cee831bc
> https://git.busybox.net/busybox/commit/?id=03628c8f75ba
> https://git.busybox.net/busybox/commit/?id=b21837714a37
> 
> When buildroot metastasized from uclibc's test suite (what packages build under
> uclibc? Let's regression test them and slot them together into a testable root
> filesystem) into a new distro (the first post to its mailing list in 2006 is
> from me because I abused my busybox maintainer root access to the shared server
> to set up a third list, because buildroot discussion was smothering uclibc
> development on that list), buildroot became the logical base point for nommu
> systems. If you wanted a busybox+uclibc root filesystem, buildroot provided an
> up to date actively developed one with build recipes for hundreds of packages,
> and a busy community where you could ask questions.
> 
> Meaning there was already no reason to install uclinux in 2006. It had been
> replaced by either a simple busybox+uclibc root filesystem, or buildroot.
> 
> So "me noticing this area in 2002", "me accidentally helping finish off uclinux
> in passing in 2006", and "me getting involved in nommu development in 2014
> because Jeff Dionne flew me to Japan and personally explained it to me" does not
> give me any direct experience with what went on at lineo before that, true. Just
> like I never visited transmeta.
> 
>>> You can't fork() on nommu because copies of the mappings have different
>>> addresses, meaning any pointers in the copied mappings would point into the OLD
>>> mappings (belonging to the parent process), and fixing them up is 100%
>>> equivalent to the "garbage collection in C" problem. (It's AI-complete. Of the
>>> C3PO kind, not the "autocorrect with syntax checking" kind.) People get hung up
>>> on the "it would be very inefficient to do that because no copy-on-write"
>>> problem and miss the "the child couldn't FUNCTION because its pointer variables
>>> all contain parent addresses" problem.
>>>
>>> So instead vfork() creates a child with all the same memory mappings (a bit like
>>> a thread) and freezes the parent process until that child discards those
>>> mappings, either by calling exec() or _exit(). (At which point the parent gets
>>> un-suspended.)
>>
>> Just to be clear, vfork is not a uClinux invention.
> 
> I never said vfork() was a uClinux invention. I'm describing how Linux does
> nommu. Doing nommu on linux hasn't had anything to do with uclinux for 20 years.
> 
> Confusing "uclinux" with "nommu" is like confusing "knoppix" with "Linux Live
> CD". We've moved on a bit since one magic distro pioneered the technique literal
> decades ago, there are other options now.
> 
> I first looked at uClinux itself in 2015 because Jeff Dionne asked me to see if
> there was anything left to salvage out of it, resulting in
> https://github.com/landley/toybox/commit/469d7f11b66d and the answer "no, there
> isn't" nine years ago.
> 
>> It dates way back to the
>> early BSD UNIX days.
> 
> I know.
> 
>> It just so happens that it fits in very nicely with
>> the no-MMU model of the world.
> 
> Ken and Dennis' ported Unix from a PDP-7 to a PDP-11/20, which didn't have an
> MMU. Dennis wrote about it here:
> 
> https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/odd.html
> 
> The PDP-11/45 the upgraded to did, and the system call sematics changed quite a
> bit in those early years before stabilizing with Unix v7 (largely because AT&T
> stopped allowing Bell Labs releases to go out to the public after that one, so
> v8, v9, and v10 saw almost no use, and then they started over with Plan 9.)
> 
> So yeah I knew about BSD coming up with the name, but I thought "vfork()" was
> just "what fork() used to do circa Unix v3 or similar"?
> 
> I was trying to explain why vfork() is still in use NOW. It's not just nommu
> either, it's also useful when forking from heavily threaded processes, because
> normal fork() will freeze all the threads in the process causing a latency spike
> and potentially quite large allocation because in that case it breaks all
> copy-on-write up front rather than trying to untangle the layers of sharing. But
> vfork() will only freeze the one thread that called it, and doesn't allocate new
> memory before the exec() or _exit() of the new child process. (You may hit a vma
> lock if other threads try to tear down the mappings, I haven't tried. But if you
> DON'T do something stupid, you don't get a latency spike on the other threads.)
> 
>>> So they invented FDPIC,
> 
> "They" being the blackfin devs, I think.

No, I believe it was David Howells that did it originally for the Fujitsu FRV architecture.


>>> which is ELF with FOUR base pointers. Each major section
>>> (rodata, text, data, and bss) has its own base pointer, so you need to find
>>> smaller chunks of memory to load them into (and thus it can work on a more
>>> fragmented system), AND it means that two instances of the same program can
>>> share the read-only sections (rodata and text) so you only need new copies of
>>> the writeable segments (data and bss. And the heap. And the stack.)
>>
>> It is worth noting that to run PIE style ELF binaries on no-MMU systems you
>> actually use the FDPIC ELF loader - not the traditional linux ELF loader (binfmt_elf).
> 
> Yup. Although that's mostly because binfmt_elf refuses to build without
> CONFIG_MMU due to some stupid #ifdefs and assumptions.
> 
> My understanding (mostly from making puppy eyes at Rich Felker) is that the
> bimfmt_fdpic loader can load conventional ELF binaries just fine, the way the
> ext4 driver can mount ext3 or ext2. Unfortunately, my attempts to build
> bimfmt_fdpic on i386 and arm64 and mips and powerpc and so on to TRY that hit
> the same "kconfig and the #ifdefs really dowanna allow this" nonsense.
> 
> I note that qemu's application emulation handles conventional ELF, static PIE,
> and fdpic pretty much interchangeably. THEY didn't see the need to have two
> redundant loaders doing the same thing, with only one understanding some fairly
> minor extensions. But the linux-kernel community seems to segregate out nommu
> support and quarrantine it, for no obvious reason. (And then make the nommu
> stuff build ONLY in one mode and the with-mmu stuff build ONLY in the other mode
> and NEVER THE TWAIN SHALL MEET, again for no obvious reason.)>
>> Using this setup is going to become much easier now that uClibc has native
>> support for generating a relevant library and ld.so for noMMU linux (certainly
>> for m68k, arm and riscv at least) - as of version 1.0.45.
> 
> I haven't followed buildroot's uclibc fork since uclibc.org died, I switched to
> musl instead.
> 
>>> (The earlier binflt format is an a.out variant with 4 base pointers. FDPIC is
>>> the ELF version of the same idea. Since a.out went bye-bye binflt is obsolete,
>>> but not everybody's moved off it yet because so many nommu people are still
>>> using 2.6 or even earlier, and also using gcc 3.x or 2.x toolchains.)
>>
>> Flat format (binfmt_flat) is in no way related to a.out. It is not derived from
>> it and shares nothing with it. A.out being removed from the kernel in no way affects
>> flat format. It doesn't magically make it obsolete. It isn't going anywhere.
> 
> *shrug* I'll take your word for it.
> 
> Back when I tried to make it work circa
> https://landley.net/notes-2014.html#07-12-2014 the binflt plumbing was so
> bit-rotted that A) there was no official repository for it, B) it was
> implemented as a weird post-processing step where you ran an "elf2flt" binary
> but it could not actually digest a normal ELF file, instead you made a SPECIAL
> elf file with various compiler flags, which the postprocessing tool then
> converted to a flat file.
> 
> (This is another variant of "embedded devs get something to work and then keep
> using the old version FOREVER". I could download 10 year old binflt toolchains
> that produced binaries, but nobody seemed to have built a NEW one in years.)
> 
> So I shoehorned basic elf2flt support into my build system:
> 
> https://github.com/landley/aboriginal/commit/50d139530dd4
> 
> And then I asked Yoshinori Sato what version _he'd_ used when adding h8300
> support to Linux (since that was nommu) and switched to his version, which he'd
> fixed a lot of stuff in and which worked with newer compiler versions and had
> commits less than a year old in the tree:
> 
> https://github.com/landley/aboriginal/commit/247ee063028f
> 
> And around that time I emailed various people who had once been interested in
> this, and they started a new binflt tree (merging the various trees I'd found)
> and switched buildroot over to use it. But I didn't track it much beyond that
> because instead Jeff paid Rich Felker to add fdpic support to musl and we
> switched j-core over to that instead.
> 
> What little I know about binflt comes from reading the code and from Jeff Dionne
> trying to explain it to me back in 2014 and 2015, and mostly he was concerned
> that you had to use older versions of gcc (despite sato-san's upgrades) because
> current versions of gcc could do some pointer range thing that broke design
> assumptions in elf2flt, which apparently weren't fixable because information had
> already been discarded when the .o file was generated, so the thing consuming
> that output didn't have all the information it needed to link. (You'd have to
> ask Jeff, I never quite wrapped my head around what the specific issue was and
> it's a decade ago now. My impression was you'd _mostly_ get lucky and it would
> usually work with modern gcc, but you rolled the dice with every code change...)
> 
>> I don't see how this is related to versions of kernel or gcc or toolchains either.
>> Flat format works on every kernel up to todays v6.7. The conversion tool works
>> with the latest gcc and binutils (gcc-13.2 and bintuils-2.41 as of today)
> 
> Again, I'll take your word for it.
>
>> and many
>> versions going back for the best part of 20 years. Sure that elf2flt tool has been
>> forked a lot it has a spotty history of getting updated. But, hey, as of today it
>> looks pretty up to date across most architectures.
> 
> Um, yes. Check your back email for a message from me September 4, 2015, title
> "elf2flt upstream repo". You were cc'd on it.
> 
> I created a website that tried to act as a uclinux.org replacement for the
> social aspect of "where devs can learn about nommu development for linux, and
> come together to talk about it":
> 
> https://web.archive.org/web/20160425072007/http://nommu.org/
> 
> Alas, I was busy with a half-dozen other things and handed it off to "official
> web people" when the company got some, and I wasn't supposed to do "community
> outreach" anymore because we had specific staff for that now. The discussion on
> the mailing list about elf2flt petered out, but it DID result in people setting
> up a new repo and merging some forks and buildroot switching over to the new one.
> 
> Sadly, archive.org only spidered the TOP page, not the actual months:
> 
> https://web.archive.org/web/20160416102445/http://lists.nommu.org/pipermail/nommu/
> 
> I can probably fish it out of my old mbox files if anybody cares. But the point
> is, elf2flt got maintained again (not by me, I didn't have the expertise), and I
> switched over to fdpic anyway.

My point is that the elf2flt tool was very widely forked. At the very least
pretty much every architecture port has its own, and in many cases many vendors
had their own as well. So, yeah, its development and progress got messy.

But I did get involved in that effort to get elf2flt centered and restored
to some semblance of being maintained. The git hub repository is now the main focus,
https://github.com/uclinux-dev/elf2flt. It is maintained and pretty much up to
date. So I think we can notch that up as a win.

Of course the flat format itself has issues, it is far from perfect. But for the
most part it works fine for its intended purpose. elf-fdpic is superior in many
respects, but requires much more invasive compiler support - that takes a lot
more effort to create for a new architecture.


> Alas reliance of fdpic means that trying to do cortex-m in mkroot, I was stuck
> using https://github.com/mickael-guene/fdpic_manifest and waiting for it to go
> upstream, which is _why_ I was doing the static pie toolchain for that
> architecture until such time as gcc+binutils+linux caught up with the group. (I
> think I saw arm fdpic support go into the kernel. Rich said that musl should
> work, last I asked him. I haven't checked upstream gcc or binutils recently,
> mostly because Rich won't update musl-cross-make and redoing my
> https://github.com/landley/toybox/blob/master/scripts/mcm-buildall.sh to build
> without it is nontrivial. For one thing I don't think
> https://github.com/richfelker/musl-cross-make/blob/master/patches/binutils-2.33.1/0001-j2.diff
> ever went upstream either...)

Elf-fdpic on ARM works fine, I test it regularly. You don't need any patches
for current versions of binutils, gcc, or linux kernel. Oh, I test with uClibc-ng,
don't know about other libraries.

And PIE style ELF works at least on ARM, M68K, RISCV and XTENSA nommu configurations.
Again with uClibc-ng at least.


>>> UCLINUX is a long-dead distro. Linaro died in the dot-com crash and its founder
>>> Jeff Dionne moved to Japan for his next gig and never came back. On the way out
>>> he handed uclinux off to someone else, who didn't do a lot of work maintaining
>>> it. Most of the actual support went "upstream" into various packages (linux and
>>> busybox and gcc and so on) before the handoff, so you didn't NEED uclinux anymore.
>>
>> Why do you keep claiming that "UCLINUX" (why all caps?) is a distro?
> 
> Because it was. Full of obsolete crap, which had its last release in 2014.
> 
>> That is just not the case. uClinux has been used as an umbrella term for
>> patches, tools, packages relating to running Linux on a CPU with no MMU.
> 
> Which is why so many people are convinced nommu linux is dead because
> http://uclinux.org/ was long-dead before it went down. Because of exactly that
> confusion.

I am very confused by this. Who thinks nommu linux is dead?

I am continually surprised by how many people still use it.


>> There was a build package called uclinux-dist that you might consider a distro.
>> But it has always been cleanly named as "uclinux-dist".
> 
> Cleanly. Uh-huh:
> 
> https://web.archive.org/web/20150219205915/http://www.uclinux.org/
> 
> https://web.archive.org/web/20181202164812/http://www.uclinux.org/description/
> 
> Here are two entries from cut and pasted from
> https://web.archive.org/web/20181204132729/http://www.uclinux.org/status/
> 
> 12 April 2000
> The release of uClinux version 2.0.38.1pre7 announced today. Download the .diff NOW!
> 
> 10 January 2000
> The latest release of uClinux, 2.0.38.1pre5, is announced today. The uClinux CD
> contains the popular uClinux System Builder Kit. This new version supports a
> broad spectrum of chip sets. Order the CD!

More than anything they point out the continual overloading of the term and
general confusion on what the term actually covers.

It is trivial to find examples of its use that are clearly not related to a distribution.
Grep for it in the Linux kernel sources one, there is plenty, eg:

mm/nommu.c: * handle mapping creation for uClinux
arch/m68k/include/asm/flat.h: * flat.h -- uClinux flat-format executables
fs/Kconfig.binfmt:	  Support uClinux FLAT format binaries.
fs/binfmt_elf_fdpic.c:	 * - on uClinux the holes between may actually be filled with system
..

Despite what you think my experience is that most people simply equate
uClinux with no-mmu linux. And I for one am pretty comfortable with that.


>> For a long time that
>> was the goto starting point for anyone wanting to use Linux with no-MMU.
>> The collection of patches to the toolchains, kernel, libraries and application
>> packages was a pretty high mountain to climb to get started in those early
>> days (late 90's and early 2000's). But through the work of a _lot_ of people
>> much of that change has made its way into relevant packages across the board
>> (from gcc to kernel to creation of uClibc, etc).
> 
> It was introduced to me as a distro at the first ELC I attended in 2006. (I
> attended as the new busybox maintainer, there were two "uclinux developers" who
> wanted to say hi, we spoke for about 30 seconds. One of them wore a t-shirt with
> "uclinux" on it?)
> 
> As I said, I never used it. I just heard about it. You're the first person to
> tell me it _didn't_ consider itself a distro.
> 
>> But lets face it once no-MMU support was integrated into mainline linux as off
>> v2.5.46 it is really now just "Linux". The no-MMU support outgrew that trade marked
>> term. But the name has stubbornly stuck around.
> 
> My successor as busybox maintainer was already ripping _uclinux_ #defines out of
> that codebase a dozen years ago.
> 
> https://git.busybox.net/busybox/commit/?id=153fcaa6c171
> 
>>> The real nail in the coffin is the inheritor of uclinux never migrated it off
>>> CVS, and then the disk holding the CVS archive crashed with no backup. He came
>>> out with a couple more releases after that by monkey-patching the last release's
>>> filesystem, but the writing was on the wall and it rolled to a stop.
>>
>> No, the public facing CVS was never the master sources for the uclinux-dist.
>> The public facing CVS was only ever a copy of the tar ball releases.
> 
> All I know is I emailed Michael Durrant in February 2015 to see if I could get a
> copy of the repo (preparatory for doing my triage of what was actually IN
> uclinux for Jeff) and he replied:
> 
>> Are you are talking about the dead cvs.uclinux.org (CVS) machine or the
>> the uClibc website? (http://www.uclibc.org/)
>>
>> If so .. that machine is very very dead .. nothing from the harddrive was
>> salvageable. I will look and see if we have a CD or DVD backup but it is very
>> very doubtful.
>>
>> I did replace the http://mailman.uclinux.org machine a few years ago after it
>> had a catastrophic fail.
> 
> I sent a follow-up email but didn't get a further reply.
> 
> Thank you for clarifying that the stuff I was interested in was apparently never
> tracked under source control in the first place.

I didn't say it was not tracked under source control, it was.
But that was an internal company vendor tree. The external public facing CVS
tree on uclinux.org was simply not a copy of that internal working tree.
It was not much more than a dump of the tar ball releases (and occasionally
direct fix updates).


>> That work was slowing down due to fact that it just wasn't really
>> needed any more. There are way more popular build systems (eg build-root)
>> for building complete firmware images from scratch.
> 
> Agreed, yes.
> 
>>> I did a triage of its last release (from 2014) as part of my toybox roadmap:
>>
>> No, the last release was in 2016, see it archived at:
>> https://sourceforge.net/projects/uclinux/files/uClinux%20Stable/
> 
> They did another one after my triage then. I hadn't noticed.
> 
> In early 2015 I went to
> https://web.archive.org/web/20150219205915/http://www.uclinux.org/ which had a
> cvs archive link on the left (which was dead, hence the email exchange), a page
> on bflt in the same nav bar (first link on that page went to the dead CVS
> archive, the beyondlogic page was 404, and vapier's stuff was still there but
> several years old, I tracked down the newer forks later), and then the "http
> download" link at the end of the list led to
> https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052300/http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/
> the newest date in which was 2004.
> 
> The resulting first impression was "this project is VERY DEAD". And then my
> email exchange with the contact info link got back "cvs archive died with no
> backup" and no reply to a follow-up email.
> 
>> But that is all kind of archeological now, relegated to history.
> 
> Agreed.
> 
>> Regards
>> Greg
> 
> Rob

Regards
Greg