Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of linux-kernel+bounces-71030-linux.lists.archive=gmail.com@vger.kernel.org designates 2604:1380:45e3:2400::1 as permitted sender) client-ip=2604:1380:45e3:2400::1;
Date: Mon, 19 Feb 2024 11:28:39 +0200
From: Zhi Wang <zhi.wang.linux@gmail.com>
To: <ankita@nvidia.com>
Cc: <jgg@nvidia.com>, <alex.williamson@redhat.com>, <yishaih@nvidia.com>,
 <shameerali.kolothum.thodi@huawei.com>, <kevin.tian@intel.com>,
 <mst@redhat.com>, <eric.auger@redhat.com>, <jgg@ziepe.ca>,
 <oleksandr@natalenko.name>, <clg@redhat.com>,
 <satyanarayana.k.v.p@intel.com>, <brett.creeley@amd.com>,
 <horms@kernel.org>, <shannon.nelson@amd.com>, <aniketa@nvidia.com>,
 <cjia@nvidia.com>, <kwankhede@nvidia.com>, <targupta@nvidia.com>,
 <vsethi@nvidia.com>, <acurrid@nvidia.com>, <apopple@nvidia.com>,
 <jhubbard@nvidia.com>, <danw@nvidia.com>, <anuaggarwal@nvidia.com>,
 <mochs@nvidia.com>, <kvm@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
 <virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v18 3/3] vfio/nvgrace-gpu: Add vfio pci variant module
 for grace hopper
Message-ID: <20240219112839.000060df.zhi.wang.linux@gmail.com>
In-Reply-To: <20240216030128.29154-4-ankita@nvidia.com>
References: <20240216030128.29154-1-ankita@nvidia.com>
	<20240216030128.29154-4-ankita@nvidia.com>
Precedence: bulk
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

On Fri, 16 Feb 2024 08:31:28 +0530
<ankita@nvidia.com> wrote:

> From: Ankit Agrawal <ankita@nvidia.com>
> 
> NVIDIA's upcoming Grace Hopper Superchip provides a PCI-like device
> for the on-chip GPU that is the logical OS representation of the
> internal proprietary chip-to-chip cache coherent interconnect.
> 
> The device is peculiar compared to a real PCI device in that whilst
> there is a real 64b PCI BAR1 (comprising region 2 & region 3) on the
> device, it is not used to access device memory once the faster
> chip-to-chip interconnect is initialized (occurs at the time of host
> system boot). The device memory is accessed instead using the
> chip-to-chip interconnect that is exposed as a contiguous physically
> addressable region on the host. This device memory aperture can be
> obtained from host ACPI table using device_property_read_u64(),
> according to the FW specification. Since the device memory is cache
> coherent with the CPU, it can be mmap into the user VMA with a
> cacheable mapping using remap_pfn_range() and used like a regular
> RAM. The device memory is not added to the host kernel, but mapped
> directly as this reduces memory wastage due to struct pages.
> 
> There is also a requirement of a minimum reserved 1G uncached region
> (termed as resmem) to support the Multi-Instance GPU (MIG) feature
> [1]. This is to work around a HW defect. Based on [2], the requisite
> properties (uncached, unaligned access) can be achieved through a VM
> mapping (S1) of NORMAL_NC and host (S2) mapping with
> MemAttr[2:0]=0b101. To provide a different non-cached property to the
> reserved 1G region, it needs to be carved out from the device memory
> and mapped as a separate region in Qemu VMA with
> pgprot_writecombine(). pgprot_writecombine() sets the Qemu VMA page
> properties (pgprot) as NORMAL_NC.
> 
> Provide a VFIO PCI variant driver that adapts the unique device memory
> representation into a more standard PCI representation facing
> userspace.
> 
> The variant driver exposes these two regions - the non-cached reserved
> (resmem) and the cached rest of the device memory (termed as usemem)
> as separate VFIO 64b BAR regions. This is divergent from the baremetal
> approach, where the device memory is exposed as a device memory
> region. The decision for a different approach was taken in view of
> the fact that it would necessiate additional code in Qemu to discover
> and insert those regions in the VM IPA, along with the additional VM
> ACPI DSDT changes to communicate the device memory region IPA to the
> VM workloads. Moreover, this behavior would have to be added to a
> variety of emulators (beyond top of tree Qemu) out there desiring
> grace hopper support.
> 
> Since the device implements 64-bit BAR0, the VFIO PCI variant driver
> maps the uncached carved out region to the next available PCI BAR
> (i.e. comprising of region 2 and 3). The cached device memory
> aperture is assigned BAR region 4 and 5. Qemu will then naturally
> generate a PCI device in the VM with the uncached aperture reported
> as BAR2 region, the cacheable as BAR4. The variant driver provides
> emulation for these fake BARs' PCI config space offset registers.
> 
> The hardware ensures that the system does not crash when the memory
> is accessed with the memory enable turned off. It synthesis ~0 reads
> and dropped writes on such access. So there is no need to support the
> disablement/enablement of BAR through PCI_COMMAND config space
> register.
> 
> The memory layout on the host looks like the following:
>                devmem (memlength)
> |--------------------------------------------------|
> |-------------cached------------------------|--NC--|
> |                                           |
> usemem.memphys                              resmem.memphys
> 
> PCI BARs need to be aligned to the power-of-2, but the actual memory
> on the device may not. A read or write access to the physical address
> from the last device PFN up to the next power-of-2 aligned physical
> address results in reading ~0 and dropped writes. Note that the GPU
> device driver [6] is capable of knowing the exact device memory size
> through separate means. The device memory size is primarily kept in
> the system ACPI tables for use by the VFIO PCI variant module.
> 
> Note that the usemem memory is added by the VM Nvidia device driver
> [5] to the VM kernel as memblocks. Hence make the usable memory size
> memblock (MEMBLK_SIZE) aligned. This is a hardwired ABI value between
> the GPU FW and VFIO driver. The VM device driver make use of the same
> value for its calculation to determine USEMEM size.
> 
> Currently there is no provision in KVM for a S2 mapping with
> MemAttr[2:0]=0b101, but there is an ongoing effort to provide the
> same [3]. As previously mentioned, resmem is mapped
> pgprot_writecombine(), that sets the Qemu VMA page properties
> (pgprot) as NORMAL_NC. Using the proposed changes in [3] and [4], KVM
> marks the region with MemAttr[2:0]=0b101 in S2.
> 
> If the device memory properties are not present, the driver registers
> the vfio-pci-core function pointers. Since there are no ACPI memory
> properties generated for the VM, the variant driver inside the VM
> will only use the vfio-pci-core ops and hence try to map the BARs as
> non cached. This is not a problem as the CPUs have FWB enabled which
> blocks the VM mapping's ability to override the cacheability set by
> the host mapping.
> 
> This goes along with a qemu series [6] to provides the necessary
> implementation of the Grace Hopper Superchip firmware specification so
> that the guest operating system can see the correct ACPI modeling for
> the coherent GPU device. Verified with the CUDA workload in the VM.
> 
> [1] https://www.nvidia.com/en-in/technologies/multi-instance-gpu/
> [2] section D8.5.5 of
> https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0487/latest/ [3]
> https://lore.kernel.org/all/20240211174705.31992-1-ankita@nvidia.com/
> [4]
> https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230907181459.18145-2-ankita@nvidia.com/
> [5] https://github.com/NVIDIA/open-gpu-kernel-modules [6]
> https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231203060245.31593-1-ankita@nvidia.com/
> 
> Signed-off-by: Aniket Agashe <aniketa@nvidia.com>
> Signed-off-by: Ankit Agrawal <ankita@nvidia.com>
> ---
>  MAINTAINERS                           |  16 +-
>  drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig              |   2 +
>  drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile             |   2 +
>  drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig  |  10 +
>  drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Makefile |   3 +
>  drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/main.c   | 888
> ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 916 insertions(+), 5
> deletions(-) create mode 100644 drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig
>  create mode 100644 drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Makefile
>  create mode 100644 drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/main.c
> 
> diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
> index 73d898383e51..7fc7a14c1a20 100644
> --- a/MAINTAINERS
> +++ b/MAINTAINERS
> @@ -23075,12 +23075,11 @@ L:	kvm@vger.kernel.org
>  S:	Maintained
>  F:	drivers/vfio/pci/mlx5/
>  
> -VFIO VIRTIO PCI DRIVER
> -M:	Yishai Hadas <yishaih@nvidia.com>
> +VFIO NVIDIA GRACE GPU DRIVER
> +M:	Ankit Agrawal <ankita@nvidia.com>
>  L:	kvm@vger.kernel.org
> -L:	virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
> -S:	Maintained
> -F:	drivers/vfio/pci/virtio
> +S:	Supported
> +F:	drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/
>  
>  VFIO PCI DEVICE SPECIFIC DRIVERS
>  R:	Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@nvidia.com>
> @@ -23105,6 +23104,13 @@ L:	kvm@vger.kernel.org
>  S:	Maintained
>  F:	drivers/vfio/platform/
>  
> +VFIO VIRTIO PCI DRIVER
> +M:	Yishai Hadas <yishaih@nvidia.com>
> +L:	kvm@vger.kernel.org
> +L:	virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
> +S:	Maintained
> +F:	drivers/vfio/pci/virtio
> +
>  VGA_SWITCHEROO
>  R:	Lukas Wunner <lukas@wunner.de>
>  S:	Maintained
> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig b/drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig
> index 18c397df566d..15821a2d77d2 100644
> --- a/drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/Kconfig
> @@ -67,4 +67,6 @@ source "drivers/vfio/pci/pds/Kconfig"
>  
>  source "drivers/vfio/pci/virtio/Kconfig"
>  
> +source "drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig"
> +
>  endmenu
> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile b/drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile
> index 046139a4eca5..ce7a61f1d912 100644
> --- a/drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile
> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/Makefile
> @@ -15,3 +15,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_HISI_ACC_VFIO_PCI) += hisilicon/
>  obj-$(CONFIG_PDS_VFIO_PCI) += pds/
>  
>  obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_VFIO_PCI) += virtio/
> +
> +obj-$(CONFIG_NVGRACE_GPU_VFIO_PCI) += nvgrace-gpu/
> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig
> b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..a7f624b37e41
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Kconfig
> @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +config NVGRACE_GPU_VFIO_PCI
> +	tristate "VFIO support for the GPU in the NVIDIA Grace
> Hopper Superchip"
> +	depends on ARM64 || (COMPILE_TEST && 64BIT)
> +	select VFIO_PCI_CORE
> +	help
> +	  VFIO support for the GPU in the NVIDIA Grace Hopper
> Superchip is
> +	  required to assign the GPU device to userspace using
> KVM/qemu/etc. +
> +	  If you don't know what to do here, say N.
> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Makefile
> b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Makefile new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..3ca8c187897a
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/Makefile
> @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
> +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +obj-$(CONFIG_NVGRACE_GPU_VFIO_PCI) += nvgrace-gpu-vfio-pci.o
> +nvgrace-gpu-vfio-pci-y := main.o
> diff --git a/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/main.c
> b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/main.c new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..5a251a6a782e
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/vfio/pci/nvgrace-gpu/main.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,888 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +/*
> + * Copyright (c) 2024, NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights
> reserved
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/vfio_pci_core.h>
> +#include <linux/sizes.h>
> +

Let's keep the header inclusion in an alphabet order.

With that addressed,

Reviewed-by: Zhi Wang <zhi.wang.linux@gmail.com>

> +/*
> + * The device memory usable to the workloads running in the VM is
> cached
> + * and showcased as a 64b device BAR (comprising of BAR4 and BAR5
> region)
> + * to the VM and is represented as usemem.
> + * Moreover, the VM GPU device driver needs a non-cacheable region to
> + * support the MIG feature. This region is also exposed as a 64b BAR
> + * (comprising of BAR2 and BAR3 region) and represented as resmem.
> + */
> +#define RESMEM_REGION_INDEX VFIO_PCI_BAR2_REGION_INDEX
> +#define USEMEM_REGION_INDEX VFIO_PCI_BAR4_REGION_INDEX
> +
> +/* Memory size expected as non cached and reserved by the VM driver
> */ +#define RESMEM_SIZE SZ_1G
> +
> +/* A hardwired and constant ABI value between the GPU FW and VFIO
> driver. */ +#define MEMBLK_SIZE SZ_512M
> +
> +/*
> + * The state of the two device memory region - resmem and usemem - is
> + * saved as struct mem_region.
> + */
> +struct mem_region {
> +	phys_addr_t memphys;    /* Base physical address of the
> region */
> +	size_t memlength;       /* Region size */
> +	size_t bar_size;        /* Reported region BAR size */
> +	__le64 bar_val;         /* Emulated BAR offset registers */
> +	union {
> +		void *memaddr;
> +		void __iomem *ioaddr;
> +	};                      /* Base virtual address of the
> region */ +};
> +
> +struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device {
> +	struct vfio_pci_core_device core_device;
> +	/* Cached and usable memory for the VM. */
> +	struct mem_region usemem;
> +	/* Non cached memory carved out from the end of device
> memory */
> +	struct mem_region resmem;
> +	/* Lock to control device memory kernel mapping */
> +	struct mutex remap_lock;
> +};
> +
> +static void nvgrace_gpu_init_fake_bar_emu_regs(struct vfio_device
> *core_vdev) +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +
> +	nvdev->resmem.bar_val = 0;
> +	nvdev->usemem.bar_val = 0;
> +}
> +
> +/* Choose the structure corresponding to the fake BAR with a given
> index. */ +static struct mem_region *
> +nvgrace_gpu_memregion(int index,
> +		      struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev)
> +{
> +	if (index == USEMEM_REGION_INDEX)
> +		return &nvdev->usemem;
> +
> +	if (index == RESMEM_REGION_INDEX)
> +		return &nvdev->resmem;
> +
> +	return NULL;
> +}
> +
> +static int nvgrace_gpu_open_device(struct vfio_device *core_vdev)
> +{
> +	struct vfio_pci_core_device *vdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct vfio_pci_core_device,
> vdev);
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = vfio_pci_core_enable(vdev);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (nvdev->usemem.memlength) {
> +		nvgrace_gpu_init_fake_bar_emu_regs(core_vdev);
> +		mutex_init(&nvdev->remap_lock);
> +	}
> +
> +	vfio_pci_core_finish_enable(vdev);
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static void nvgrace_gpu_close_device(struct vfio_device *core_vdev)
> +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +
> +	/* Unmap the mapping to the device memory cached region */
> +	if (nvdev->usemem.memaddr) {
> +		memunmap(nvdev->usemem.memaddr);
> +		nvdev->usemem.memaddr = NULL;
> +	}
> +
> +	/* Unmap the mapping to the device memory non-cached region
> */
> +	if (nvdev->resmem.ioaddr) {
> +		iounmap(nvdev->resmem.ioaddr);
> +		nvdev->resmem.ioaddr = NULL;
> +	}
> +
> +	mutex_destroy(&nvdev->remap_lock);
> +
> +	vfio_pci_core_close_device(core_vdev);
> +}
> +
> +static int nvgrace_gpu_mmap(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +			    struct vm_area_struct *vma)
> +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +
> +	struct mem_region *memregion;
> +	unsigned long start_pfn;
> +	u64 req_len, pgoff, end;
> +	unsigned int index;
> +	int ret = 0;
> +
> +	index = vma->vm_pgoff >> (VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_SHIFT -
> PAGE_SHIFT); +
> +	memregion = nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev);
> +	if (!memregion)
> +		return vfio_pci_core_mmap(core_vdev, vma);
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Request to mmap the BAR. Map to the CPU accessible memory
> on the
> +	 * GPU using the memory information gathered from the system
> ACPI
> +	 * tables.
> +	 */
> +	pgoff = vma->vm_pgoff &
> +		((1U << (VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)) - 1);
> +
> +	if (check_sub_overflow(vma->vm_end, vma->vm_start, &req_len)
> ||
> +	    check_add_overflow(PHYS_PFN(memregion->memphys), pgoff,
> &start_pfn) ||
> +	    check_add_overflow(PFN_PHYS(pgoff), req_len, &end))
> +		return -EOVERFLOW;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Check that the mapping request does not go beyond
> available device
> +	 * memory size
> +	 */
> +	if (end > memregion->memlength)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The carved out region of the device memory needs the
> NORMAL_NC
> +	 * property. Communicate as such to the hypervisor.
> +	 */
> +	if (index == RESMEM_REGION_INDEX)
> +		vma->vm_page_prot =
> pgprot_writecombine(vma->vm_page_prot); +
> +	/*
> +	 * Perform a PFN map to the memory and back the device BAR
> by the
> +	 * GPU memory.
> +	 *
> +	 * The available GPU memory size may not be power-of-2
> aligned. The
> +	 * remainder is only backed by vfio_device_ops read/write
> handlers.
> +	 *
> +	 * During device reset, the GPU is safely disconnected to
> the CPU
> +	 * and access to the BAR will be immediately returned
> preventing
> +	 * machine check.
> +	 */
> +	ret = remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, start_pfn,
> +			      req_len, vma->vm_page_prot);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	vma->vm_pgoff = start_pfn;
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static long
> +nvgrace_gpu_ioctl_get_region_info(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +				  unsigned long arg)
> +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +	unsigned long minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_region_info,
> offset);
> +	struct vfio_info_cap caps = { .buf = NULL, .size = 0 };
> +	struct vfio_region_info_cap_sparse_mmap *sparse;
> +	struct vfio_region_info info;
> +	struct mem_region *memregion;
> +	u32 size;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
> +		return -EFAULT;
> +
> +	if (info.argsz < minsz)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Request to determine the BAR region information. Send the
> +	 * GPU memory information.
> +	 */
> +	memregion = nvgrace_gpu_memregion(info.index, nvdev);
> +	if (!memregion)
> +		return vfio_pci_core_ioctl(core_vdev,
> +
> VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, arg); +
> +	size = struct_size(sparse, areas, 1);
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Setup for sparse mapping for the device memory. Only the
> +	 * available device memory on the hardware is shown as a
> +	 * mappable region.
> +	 */
> +	sparse = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
> +	if (!sparse)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	sparse->nr_areas = 1;
> +	sparse->areas[0].offset = 0;
> +	sparse->areas[0].size = memregion->memlength;
> +	sparse->header.id = VFIO_REGION_INFO_CAP_SPARSE_MMAP;
> +	sparse->header.version = 1;
> +
> +	ret = vfio_info_add_capability(&caps, &sparse->header, size);
> +	kfree(sparse);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
> +	/*
> +	 * The region memory size may not be power-of-2 aligned.
> +	 * Given that the memory  as a BAR and may not be
> +	 * aligned, roundup to the next power-of-2.
> +	 */
> +	info.size = memregion->bar_size;
> +	info.flags = VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ |
> +		     VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE |
> +		     VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP;
> +
> +	if (caps.size) {
> +		info.flags |= VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_CAPS;
> +		if (info.argsz < sizeof(info) + caps.size) {
> +			info.argsz = sizeof(info) + caps.size;
> +			info.cap_offset = 0;
> +		} else {
> +			vfio_info_cap_shift(&caps, sizeof(info));
> +			if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg +
> +					 sizeof(info), caps.buf,
> +					 caps.size)) {
> +				kfree(caps.buf);
> +				return -EFAULT;
> +			}
> +			info.cap_offset = sizeof(info);
> +		}
> +		kfree(caps.buf);
> +	}
> +	return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
> +			    -EFAULT : 0;
> +}
> +
> +static long nvgrace_gpu_ioctl(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +			      unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
> +{
> +	switch (cmd) {
> +	case VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO:
> +		return nvgrace_gpu_ioctl_get_region_info(core_vdev,
> arg);
> +	case VFIO_DEVICE_IOEVENTFD:
> +		return -ENOTTY;
> +	case VFIO_DEVICE_RESET:
> +		nvgrace_gpu_init_fake_bar_emu_regs(core_vdev);
> +		fallthrough;
> +	default:
> +		return vfio_pci_core_ioctl(core_vdev, cmd, arg);
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +static __le64
> +nvgrace_gpu_get_read_value(size_t bar_size, u64 flags, __le64 val64)
> +{
> +	u64 tmp_val;
> +
> +	tmp_val = le64_to_cpu(val64);
> +	tmp_val &= ~(bar_size - 1);
> +	tmp_val |= flags;
> +
> +	return cpu_to_le64(tmp_val);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Both the usable (usemem) and the reserved (resmem) device memory
> region
> + * are exposed as a 64b fake device BARs in the VM. These fake BARs
> must
> + * respond to the accesses on their respective PCI config space
> offsets.
> + *
> + * resmem BAR owns PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_2 & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_3.
> + * usemem BAR owns PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_4 & PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_5.
> + */
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_read_config_emu(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +			    char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t
> *ppos) +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +	u64 pos = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	struct mem_region *memregion = NULL;
> +	__le64 val64;
> +	size_t register_offset;
> +	loff_t copy_offset;
> +	size_t copy_count;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = vfio_pci_core_read(core_vdev, buf, count, ppos);
> +	if (ret < 0)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (vfio_pci_core_range_intersect_range(pos, count,
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_2,
> +						sizeof(val64),
> +						&copy_offset,
> &copy_count,
> +						&register_offset))
> +		memregion =
> nvgrace_gpu_memregion(RESMEM_REGION_INDEX, nvdev);
> +	else if (vfio_pci_core_range_intersect_range(pos, count,
> +
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_4,
> +						     sizeof(val64),
> +						     &copy_offset,
> &copy_count,
> +
> &register_offset))
> +		memregion =
> nvgrace_gpu_memregion(USEMEM_REGION_INDEX, nvdev); +
> +	if (memregion) {
> +		val64 =
> nvgrace_gpu_get_read_value(memregion->bar_size,
> +
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_TYPE_64 |
> +
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_MEM_PREFETCH,
> +
> memregion->bar_val);
> +		if (copy_to_user(buf + copy_offset,
> +				 (void *)&val64 + register_offset,
> copy_count)) {
> +			/*
> +			 * The position has been incremented in
> +			 * vfio_pci_core_read. Reset the offset back
> to the
> +			 * starting position.
> +			 */
> +			*ppos -= count;
> +			return -EFAULT;
> +		}
> +	}
> +
> +	return count;
> +}
> +
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_write_config_emu(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +			     const char __user *buf, size_t count,
> loff_t *ppos) +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +	u64 pos = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	struct mem_region *memregion = NULL;
> +	size_t register_offset;
> +	loff_t copy_offset;
> +	size_t copy_count;
> +
> +	if (vfio_pci_core_range_intersect_range(pos, count,
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_2,
> +						sizeof(u64),
> &copy_offset,
> +						&copy_count,
> &register_offset))
> +		memregion =
> nvgrace_gpu_memregion(RESMEM_REGION_INDEX, nvdev);
> +	else if (vfio_pci_core_range_intersect_range(pos, count,
> PCI_BASE_ADDRESS_4,
> +						     sizeof(u64),
> &copy_offset,
> +						     &copy_count,
> &register_offset))
> +		memregion =
> nvgrace_gpu_memregion(USEMEM_REGION_INDEX, nvdev); +
> +	if (memregion) {
> +		if (copy_from_user((void *)&memregion->bar_val +
> register_offset,
> +				   buf + copy_offset, copy_count))
> +			return -EFAULT;
> +		*ppos += copy_count;
> +		return copy_count;
> +	}
> +
> +	return vfio_pci_core_write(core_vdev, buf, count, ppos);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Ad hoc map the device memory in the module kernel VA space.
> Primarily needed
> + * as vfio does not require the userspace driver to only perform
> accesses through
> + * mmaps of the vfio-pci BAR regions and such accesses should be
> supported using
> + * vfio_device_ops read/write implementations.
> + *
> + * The usemem region is cacheable memory and hence is memremaped.
> + * The resmem region is non-cached and is mapped using ioremap_wc
> (NORMAL_NC).
> + */
> +static int
> +nvgrace_gpu_map_device_mem(int index,
> +			   struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev)
> +{
> +	struct mem_region *memregion;
> +	int ret = 0;
> +
> +	memregion = nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev);
> +	if (!memregion)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	mutex_lock(&nvdev->remap_lock);
> +
> +	if (memregion->memaddr)
> +		goto unlock;
> +
> +	if (index == USEMEM_REGION_INDEX)
> +		memregion->memaddr = memremap(memregion->memphys,
> +					      memregion->memlength,
> +					      MEMREMAP_WB);
> +	else
> +		memregion->ioaddr = ioremap_wc(memregion->memphys,
> +					       memregion->memlength);
> +
> +	if (!memregion->memaddr)
> +		ret = -ENOMEM;
> +
> +unlock:
> +	mutex_unlock(&nvdev->remap_lock);
> +
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Read the data from the device memory (mapped either through
> ioremap
> + * or memremap) into the user buffer.
> + */
> +static int
> +nvgrace_gpu_map_and_read(struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev,
> +			 char __user *buf, size_t mem_count, loff_t
> *ppos) +{
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +	u64 offset = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	if (!mem_count)
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Handle read on the BAR regions. Map to the target device
> memory
> +	 * physical address and copy to the request read buffer.
> +	 */
> +	ret = nvgrace_gpu_map_device_mem(index, nvdev);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (index == USEMEM_REGION_INDEX) {
> +		if (copy_to_user(buf,
> +				 (u8 *)nvdev->usemem.memaddr +
> offset,
> +				 mem_count))
> +			ret = -EFAULT;
> +	} else {
> +		/*
> +		 * The hardware ensures that the system does not
> crash when
> +		 * the device memory is accessed with the memory
> enable
> +		 * turned off. It synthesizes ~0 on such read. So
> there is
> +		 * no need to check or support the
> disablement/enablement of
> +		 * BAR through PCI_COMMAND config space register.
> Pass
> +		 * test_mem flag as false.
> +		 */
> +		ret = vfio_pci_core_do_io_rw(&nvdev->core_device,
> false,
> +					     nvdev->resmem.ioaddr,
> +					     buf, offset, mem_count,
> +					     0, 0, false);
> +	}
> +
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Read count bytes from the device memory at an offset. The actual
> device
> + * memory size (available) may not be a power-of-2. So the driver
> fakes
> + * the size to a power-of-2 (reported) when exposing to a user space
> driver.
> + *
> + * Reads starting beyond the reported size generate -EINVAL; reads
> extending
> + * beyond the actual device size is filled with ~0; reads extending
> beyond
> + * the reported size are truncated.
> + */
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_read_mem(struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev,
> +		     char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
> +{
> +	u64 offset = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +	struct mem_region *memregion;
> +	size_t mem_count, i;
> +	u8 val = 0xFF;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	memregion = nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev);
> +	if (!memregion)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	if (offset >= memregion->bar_size)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	/* Clip short the read request beyond reported BAR size */
> +	count = min(count, memregion->bar_size - (size_t)offset);
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Determine how many bytes to be actually read from the
> device memory.
> +	 * Read request beyond the actual device memory size is
> filled with ~0,
> +	 * while those beyond the actual reported size is skipped.
> +	 */
> +	if (offset >= memregion->memlength)
> +		mem_count = 0;
> +	else
> +		mem_count = min(count, memregion->memlength -
> (size_t)offset); +
> +	ret = nvgrace_gpu_map_and_read(nvdev, buf, mem_count, ppos);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Only the device memory present on the hardware is mapped,
> which may
> +	 * not be power-of-2 aligned. A read to an offset beyond the
> device memory
> +	 * size is filled with ~0.
> +	 */
> +	for (i = mem_count; i < count; i++)
> +		put_user(val, (unsigned char __user *)(buf + i));
> +
> +	*ppos += count;
> +	return count;
> +}
> +
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_read(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +		 char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
> +{
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +
> +	if (nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev))
> +		return nvgrace_gpu_read_mem(nvdev, buf, count, ppos);
> +
> +	if (index == VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX)
> +		return nvgrace_gpu_read_config_emu(core_vdev, buf,
> count, ppos); +
> +	return vfio_pci_core_read(core_vdev, buf, count, ppos);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Write the data to the device memory (mapped either through ioremap
> + * or memremap) from the user buffer.
> + */
> +static int
> +nvgrace_gpu_map_and_write(struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev,
> +			  const char __user *buf, size_t mem_count,
> +			  loff_t *ppos)
> +{
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +	loff_t pos = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	if (!mem_count)
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	ret = nvgrace_gpu_map_device_mem(index, nvdev);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (index == USEMEM_REGION_INDEX) {
> +		if (copy_from_user((u8 *)nvdev->usemem.memaddr + pos,
> +				   buf, mem_count))
> +			return -EFAULT;
> +	} else {
> +		/*
> +		 * The hardware ensures that the system does not
> crash when
> +		 * the device memory is accessed with the memory
> enable
> +		 * turned off. It drops such writes. So there is no
> need to
> +		 * check or support the disablement/enablement of BAR
> +		 * through PCI_COMMAND config space register. Pass
> test_mem
> +		 * flag as false.
> +		 */
> +		ret = vfio_pci_core_do_io_rw(&nvdev->core_device,
> false,
> +					     nvdev->resmem.ioaddr,
> +					     (char __user *)buf,
> pos, mem_count,
> +					     0, 0, true);
> +	}
> +
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Write count bytes to the device memory at a given offset. The
> actual device
> + * memory size (available) may not be a power-of-2. So the driver
> fakes the
> + * size to a power-of-2 (reported) when exposing to a user space
> driver.
> + *
> + * Writes extending beyond the reported size are truncated; writes
> starting
> + * beyond the reported size generate -EINVAL.
> + */
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_write_mem(struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev,
> +		      size_t count, loff_t *ppos, const char __user
> *buf) +{
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +	u64 offset = *ppos & VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_MASK;
> +	struct mem_region *memregion;
> +	size_t mem_count;
> +	int ret = 0;
> +
> +	memregion = nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev);
> +	if (!memregion)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	if (offset >= memregion->bar_size)
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	/* Clip short the write request beyond reported BAR size */
> +	count = min(count, memregion->bar_size - (size_t)offset);
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Determine how many bytes to be actually written to the
> device memory.
> +	 * Do not write to the offset beyond available size.
> +	 */
> +	if (offset >= memregion->memlength)
> +		goto exitfn;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Only the device memory present on the hardware is mapped,
> which may
> +	 * not be power-of-2 aligned. Drop access outside the
> available device
> +	 * memory on the hardware.
> +	 */
> +	mem_count = min(count, memregion->memlength -
> (size_t)offset); +
> +	ret = nvgrace_gpu_map_and_write(nvdev, buf, mem_count, ppos);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +exitfn:
> +	*ppos += count;
> +	return count;
> +}
> +
> +static ssize_t
> +nvgrace_gpu_write(struct vfio_device *core_vdev,
> +		  const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
> +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> +		container_of(core_vdev, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			     core_device.vdev);
> +	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
> +
> +	if (nvgrace_gpu_memregion(index, nvdev))
> +		return nvgrace_gpu_write_mem(nvdev, count, ppos,
> buf); +
> +	if (index == VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX)
> +		return nvgrace_gpu_write_config_emu(core_vdev, buf,
> count, ppos); +
> +	return vfio_pci_core_write(core_vdev, buf, count, ppos);
> +}
> +
> +static const struct vfio_device_ops nvgrace_gpu_pci_ops = {
> +	.name		= "nvgrace-gpu-vfio-pci",
> +	.init		= vfio_pci_core_init_dev,
> +	.release	= vfio_pci_core_release_dev,
> +	.open_device	= nvgrace_gpu_open_device,
> +	.close_device	= nvgrace_gpu_close_device,
> +	.ioctl		= nvgrace_gpu_ioctl,
> +	.read		= nvgrace_gpu_read,
> +	.write		= nvgrace_gpu_write,
> +	.mmap		= nvgrace_gpu_mmap,
> +	.request	= vfio_pci_core_request,
> +	.match		= vfio_pci_core_match,
> +	.bind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_physical_bind,
> +	.unbind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_physical_unbind,
> +	.attach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_physical_attach_ioas,
> +	.detach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_physical_detach_ioas,
> +};
> +
> +static const struct vfio_device_ops nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_ops = {
> +	.name		= "nvgrace-gpu-vfio-pci-core",
> +	.init		= vfio_pci_core_init_dev,
> +	.release	= vfio_pci_core_release_dev,
> +	.open_device	= nvgrace_gpu_open_device,
> +	.close_device	= vfio_pci_core_close_device,
> +	.ioctl		= vfio_pci_core_ioctl,
> +	.device_feature	= vfio_pci_core_ioctl_feature,
> +	.read		= vfio_pci_core_read,
> +	.write		= vfio_pci_core_write,
> +	.mmap		= vfio_pci_core_mmap,
> +	.request	= vfio_pci_core_request,
> +	.match		= vfio_pci_core_match,
> +	.bind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_physical_bind,
> +	.unbind_iommufd	= vfio_iommufd_physical_unbind,
> +	.attach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_physical_attach_ioas,
> +	.detach_ioas	= vfio_iommufd_physical_detach_ioas,
> +};
> +
> +static struct
> +nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvgrace_gpu_drvdata(struct pci_dev
> *pdev) +{
> +	struct vfio_pci_core_device *core_device =
> dev_get_drvdata(&pdev->dev); +
> +	return container_of(core_device, struct
> nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> +			    core_device);
> +}
> +
> +static int
> +nvgrace_gpu_fetch_memory_property(struct pci_dev *pdev,
> +				  u64 *pmemphys, u64 *pmemlength)
> +{
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The memory information is present in the system ACPI
> tables as DSD
> +	 * properties nvidia,gpu-mem-base-pa and nvidia,gpu-mem-size.
> +	 */
> +	ret = device_property_read_u64(&pdev->dev,
> "nvidia,gpu-mem-base-pa",
> +				       pmemphys);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (*pmemphys > type_max(phys_addr_t))
> +		return -EOVERFLOW;
> +
> +	ret = device_property_read_u64(&pdev->dev,
> "nvidia,gpu-mem-size",
> +				       pmemlength);
> +	if (ret)
> +		return ret;
> +
> +	if (*pmemlength > type_max(size_t))
> +		return -EOVERFLOW;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * If the C2C link is not up due to an error, the coherent
> device
> +	 * memory size is returned as 0. Fail in such case.
> +	 */
> +	if (*pmemlength == 0)
> +		return -ENOMEM;
> +
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +static int
> +nvgrace_gpu_init_nvdev_struct(struct pci_dev *pdev,
> +			      struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device
> *nvdev,
> +			      u64 memphys, u64 memlength)
> +{
> +	int ret = 0;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The VM GPU device driver needs a non-cacheable region to
> support
> +	 * the MIG feature. Since the device memory is mapped as
> NORMAL cached,
> +	 * carve out a region from the end with a different NORMAL_NC
> +	 * property (called as reserved memory and represented as
> resmem). This
> +	 * region then is exposed as a 64b BAR (region 2 and 3) to
> the VM, while
> +	 * exposing the rest (termed as usable memory and
> represented using usemem)
> +	 * as cacheable 64b BAR (region 4 and 5).
> +	 *
> +	 *               devmem (memlength)
> +	 * |-------------------------------------------------|
> +	 * |                                           |
> +	 * usemem.memphys                              resmem.memphys
> +	 */
> +	nvdev->usemem.memphys = memphys;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The device memory exposed to the VM is added to the
> kernel by the
> +	 * VM driver module in chunks of memory block size. Only the
> usable
> +	 * memory (usemem) is added to the kernel for usage by the VM
> +	 * workloads. Make the usable memory size memblock aligned.
> +	 */
> +	if (check_sub_overflow(memlength, RESMEM_SIZE,
> +			       &nvdev->usemem.memlength)) {
> +		ret = -EOVERFLOW;
> +		goto done;
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The USEMEM part of the device memory has to be MEMBLK_SIZE
> +	 * aligned. This is a hardwired ABI value between the GPU FW
> and
> +	 * VFIO driver. The VM device driver is also aware of it and
> make
> +	 * use of the value for its calculation to determine USEMEM
> size.
> +	 */
> +	nvdev->usemem.memlength = round_down(nvdev->usemem.memlength,
> +					     MEMBLK_SIZE);
> +	if ((check_add_overflow(nvdev->usemem.memphys,
> +				nvdev->usemem.memlength,
> +				&nvdev->resmem.memphys)) ||
> +	    (check_sub_overflow(memlength, nvdev->usemem.memlength,
> +				&nvdev->resmem.memlength))) {
> +		ret = -EOVERFLOW;
> +		goto done;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (nvdev->usemem.memlength == 0) {
> +		ret = -EINVAL;
> +		goto done;
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * The memory regions are exposed as BARs. Calculate and save
> +	 * the BAR size for them.
> +	 */
> +	nvdev->usemem.bar_size =
> roundup_pow_of_two(nvdev->usemem.memlength);
> +	nvdev->resmem.bar_size =
> roundup_pow_of_two(nvdev->resmem.memlength); +done:
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +static int nvgrace_gpu_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev,
> +			     const struct pci_device_id *id)
> +{
> +	const struct vfio_device_ops *ops =
> &nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_ops;
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev;
> +	u64 memphys, memlength;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	ret = nvgrace_gpu_fetch_memory_property(pdev, &memphys,
> &memlength);
> +	if (!ret)
> +		ops = &nvgrace_gpu_pci_ops;
> +
> +	nvdev = vfio_alloc_device(nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device,
> core_device.vdev,
> +				  &pdev->dev, ops);
> +	if (IS_ERR(nvdev))
> +		return PTR_ERR(nvdev);
> +
> +	dev_set_drvdata(&pdev->dev, &nvdev->core_device);
> +
> +	if (ops == &nvgrace_gpu_pci_ops) {
> +		/*
> +		 * Device memory properties are identified in the
> host ACPI
> +		 * table. Set the nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device
> structure.
> +		 */
> +		ret = nvgrace_gpu_init_nvdev_struct(pdev, nvdev,
> +						    memphys,
> memlength);
> +		if (ret)
> +			goto out_put_vdev;
> +	}
> +
> +	ret = vfio_pci_core_register_device(&nvdev->core_device);
> +	if (ret)
> +		goto out_put_vdev;
> +
> +	return ret;
> +
> +out_put_vdev:
> +	vfio_put_device(&nvdev->core_device.vdev);
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
> +static void nvgrace_gpu_remove(struct pci_dev *pdev)
> +{
> +	struct nvgrace_gpu_pci_core_device *nvdev =
> nvgrace_gpu_drvdata(pdev);
> +	struct vfio_pci_core_device *vdev = &nvdev->core_device;
> +
> +	vfio_pci_core_unregister_device(vdev);
> +	vfio_put_device(&vdev->vdev);
> +}
> +
> +static const struct pci_device_id nvgrace_gpu_vfio_pci_table[] = {
> +	/* GH200 120GB */
> +	{ PCI_DRIVER_OVERRIDE_DEVICE_VFIO(PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA,
> 0x2342) },
> +	/* GH200 480GB */
> +	{ PCI_DRIVER_OVERRIDE_DEVICE_VFIO(PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA,
> 0x2345) },
> +	{}
> +};
> +
> +MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, nvgrace_gpu_vfio_pci_table);
> +
> +static struct pci_driver nvgrace_gpu_vfio_pci_driver = {
> +	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
> +	.id_table = nvgrace_gpu_vfio_pci_table,
> +	.probe = nvgrace_gpu_probe,
> +	.remove = nvgrace_gpu_remove,
> +	.err_handler = &vfio_pci_core_err_handlers,
> +	.driver_managed_dma = true,
> +};
> +
> +module_pci_driver(nvgrace_gpu_vfio_pci_driver);
> +
> +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
> +MODULE_AUTHOR("Ankit Agrawal <ankita@nvidia.com>");
> +MODULE_AUTHOR("Aniket Agashe <aniketa@nvidia.com>");
> +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("VFIO NVGRACE GPU PF - User Level driver for
> NVIDIA devices with CPU coherently accessible device memory");