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From: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
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Subject: [RFC PATCH v3 11/21] KVM: x86: Simplify and comment kvm_get_time_scale()
Date: Wed, 22 May 2024 01:17:06 +0100
Message-ID: <20240522001817.619072-12-dwmw2@infradead.org>
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Sender: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>

From: David Woodhouse <dwmw@amazon.co.uk>

Commit 3ae13faac400 ("KVM: x86: pass kvm_get_time_scale arguments in hertz")
made this function take 64-bit values in Hz rather than 32-bit kHz. Thus
making it entrely pointless to shadow its arguments into local 64-bit
variables. Just use scaled_hz and base_hz directly.

Also rename the 'tps32' variable to 'base32', having utterly failed to
think of any reason why it might have been called that in the first place.
This could probably have been eliminated too, but it helps to make the
code clearer and *might* just help a naïve 32-bit compiler realise that it
doesn't need to do full 64-bit shifts.

Having taken the time to reverse-engineer the function, add some comments
explaining it.

No functional change intended.

Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw@amazon.co.uk>
---
 arch/x86/kvm/x86.c | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
index e09dc44978ea..ef3cd6113037 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
@@ -2375,32 +2375,66 @@ static uint32_t div_frac(uint32_t dividend, uint32_t divisor)
 	return dividend;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Calculate scaling factors to be applied with pvclock_scale_delta().
+ *
+ * The output of this function is a fixed-point factor which is used to
+ * scale a tick count at base_hz, to a tick count at scaled_hz, within
+ * the limitations of the Xen/KVM pvclock ABI.
+ *
+ * Mathematically, the factor is (*pmultiplier) >> (32 - *pshift).
+ *
+ * Working backwards, the div_frac() function divides (dividend << 32) by
+ * the given divisor, in other words giving dividend/divisor in the form
+ * of a 32-bit fixed-point fraction in the range 0 to 0x0.FFFFFFFF, which
+ * is (*pmultiplier >> 32).
+ *
+ * The rest of the function is shifting the scaled_hz and base_hz left or
+ * right as appropriate to ensure maximal precision within the constraints.
+ *
+ * The first constraint is that the result of the division *must* be less
+ * than 1, which means the dividend (derived from scaled_hz) must be greater
+ * than the divisor (derived from base_hz).
+ *
+ * The second constraint is that for optimal precision, the dividend (scaled)
+ * shouldn't be more than twice the divisor (base) — i.e. the top bit ought
+ * to be set in the resulting *pmultiplier.
+ */
 static void kvm_get_time_scale(uint64_t scaled_hz, uint64_t base_hz,
 			       s8 *pshift, u32 *pmultiplier)
 {
-	uint64_t scaled64;
 	int32_t  shift = 0;
-	uint64_t tps64;
-	uint32_t tps32;
+	uint32_t base32;
 
-	tps64 = base_hz;
-	scaled64 = scaled_hz;
-	while (tps64 > scaled64*2 || tps64 & 0xffffffff00000000ULL) {
-		tps64 >>= 1;
+	/*
+	 * Start by shifting the base_hz right until it fits in 32 bits, and
+	 * is lower than double the target rate. This introduces a negative
+	 * shift value which would result in pvclock_scale_delta() shifting
+	 * the actual tick count right before performing the multiplication.
+	 */
+	while (base_hz > scaled_hz*2 || base_hz & 0xffffffff00000000ULL) {
+		base_hz >>= 1;
 		shift--;
 	}
 
-	tps32 = (uint32_t)tps64;
-	while (tps32 <= scaled64 || scaled64 & 0xffffffff00000000ULL) {
-		if (scaled64 & 0xffffffff00000000ULL || tps32 & 0x80000000)
-			scaled64 >>= 1;
+	/* Now the shifted base_hz fits in 32 bits, copy it to base32 */
+	base32 = (uint32_t)base_hz;
+
+	/*
+	 * Next, shift the scaled_hz right until it fits in 32 bits, and ensure
+	 * that the shifted base_hz is not larger (so that the result of the
+	 * final division also fits in 32 bits).
+	 */
+	while (base32 <= scaled_hz || scaled_hz & 0xffffffff00000000ULL) {
+		if (scaled_hz & 0xffffffff00000000ULL || base32 & 0x80000000)
+			scaled_hz >>= 1;
 		else
-			tps32 <<= 1;
+			base32 <<= 1;
 		shift++;
 	}
 
 	*pshift = shift;
-	*pmultiplier = div_frac(scaled64, tps32);
+	*pmultiplier = div_frac(scaled_hz, base32);
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
-- 
2.44.0