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Date:   Thu, 9 Jul 2020 12:25:27 +1000
From:   Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
To:     Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org>
Cc:     Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>,
        Goldwyn Rodrigues <rgoldwyn@suse.de>,
        linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-btrfs@vger.kernel.org,
        fdmanana@gmail.com, dsterba@suse.cz, darrick.wong@oracle.com,
        cluster-devel@redhat.com, linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org,
        linux-xfs@vger.kernel.org
Subject: Re: always fall back to buffered I/O after invalidation failures,
 was: Re: [PATCH 2/6] iomap: IOMAP_DIO_RWF_NO_STALE_PAGECACHE return if page
 invalidation fails
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On Wed, Jul 08, 2020 at 02:54:37PM +0100, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> On Wed, Jul 08, 2020 at 04:51:27PM +1000, Dave Chinner wrote:
> > On Tue, Jul 07, 2020 at 03:00:30PM +0200, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> > > On Tue, Jul 07, 2020 at 01:57:05PM +0100, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> > > > Indeed, I'm in favour of not invalidating
> > > > the page cache at all for direct I/O.  For reads, I think the page cache
> > > > should be used to satisfy any portion of the read which is currently
> > > > cached.  For writes, I think we should write into the page cache pages
> > > > which currently exist, and then force those pages to be written back,
> > > > but left in cache.
> > > 
> > > Something like that, yes.
> > 
> > So are we really willing to take the performance regression that
> > occurs from copying out of the page cache consuming lots more CPU
> > than an actual direct IO read? Or that direct IO writes suddenly
> > serialise because there are page cache pages and now we have to do
> > buffered IO?
> > 
> > Direct IO should be a deterministic, zero-copy IO path to/from
> > storage. Using the CPU to copy data during direct IO is the complete
> > opposite of the intended functionality, not to mention the behaviour
> > that many applications have been careful designed and tuned for.
> 
> Direct I/O isn't deterministic though.

When all the application is doing is direct IO, it is as
deterministic as the underlying storage behaviour. This is the best
we can possibly do from the perspective of the filesystem, and this
is largely what Direct IO requires from the filesystem.

Direct IO starts from delegating all responsibility for IO
synchronisation data coherency and integrity to userspace, and then
follows up by requiring the filesystem and kernel to stay out of the
IO path except where it is absolutely necessary to read or write
data to/from the underlying storage hardware. Serving Direct IO from
the page cache violates the second of these requirements.

> If the file isn't shared, then
> it works great, but as soon as you get mixed buffered and direct I/O,
> everything is already terrible.

Right, but that's *the rare exception* for applications using direct
IO, not the common fast path. It is the slow path where -shit has
already gone wrong on the production machine-, and it most
definitely does not change the DIO requirements that the filesystem
needs to provide userspace via the direct IO path.

Optimising the slow exception path is fine if it does not affect the
guarantees we try to provide through the common/fast path. If it is
does affect behaviour of the fast path, then we must be able to
either turn it off or provide our own alternative implementation
that does not have that cost.

> Direct I/Os perform pagecache lookups
> already, but instead of using the data that we found in the cache, we
> (if it's dirty) write it back, wait for the write to complete, remove
> the page from the pagecache and then perform another I/O to get the data
> that we just wrote out!  And then the app that's using buffered I/O has
> to read it back in again.

Yup, that's because we have a history going back 20+ years of people
finding performance regressions in applications using direct IO when
we leave incorrectly left pages in the page cache rather than
invalidating them and continuing to do direct IO.


> Nobody's proposing changing Direct I/O to exclusively work through the
> pagecache.  The proposal is to behave less weirdly when there's already
> data in the pagecache.

No, the proposal it to make direct IO behave *less
deterministically* if there is data in the page cache.

e.g. Instead of having a predicatable submission CPU overhead and
read latency of 100us for your data, this proposal makes the claim
that it is always better to burn 10x the IO submission CPU for a
single IO to copy the data and give that specific IO 10x lower
latency than it is to submit 10 async IOs to keep the IO pipeline
full.

What it fails to take into account is that in spending that CPU time
to copy the data, we haven't submitted 10 other IOs and so the
actual in-flight IO for the application has decreased. If
performance comes from keeping the IO pipeline as close to 100% full
as possible, then copying the data out of the page cache will cause
performance regressions.

i.e. Hit 5 page cache pages in 5 IOs in a row, and the IO queue
depth craters because we've only fulfilled 5 complete IOs instead of
submitting 50 entire IOs. This is the hidden cost of synchronous IO
via CPU data copying vs async IO via hardware offload, and if we
take that into account we must look at future hardware performance
trends to determine if this cost is going to increase or decrease in
future.

That is: CPUs are not getting faster anytime soon. IO subsystems are
still deep in the "performance doubles every 2 years" part of the
technology curve (pcie 3.0->4.0 just happened, 4->5 is a year away,
5->6 is 3-4 years away, etc). Hence our reality is that we are deep
within a performance trend curve that tells us synchronous CPU
operations are not getting faster, but IO bandwidth and IOPS are
going to increase massively over the next 5-10 years. Hence putting
(already expensive) synchronous CPU operations in the asynchronous
zero-data-touch IO fast path is -exactly the wrong direction to be
moving-.

This is simple math. The gap between IO latency and bandwidth and
CPU addressable memory latency and bandwidth is closing all the
time, and the closer that gap gets the less sense it makes to use
CPU addressable memory for buffering syscall based read and write
IO. We are not quite yet at the cross-over point, but we really
aren't that far from it.

> I have had an objection raised off-list.  In a scenario with a block
> device shared between two systems and an application which does direct
> I/O, everything is normally fine.  If one of the systems uses tar to
> back up the contents of the block device then the application on that
> system will no longer see the writes from the other system because
> there's nothing to invalidate the pagecache on the first system.

I'm sorry you have to deal with that. :(

Back in the world of local filesystems, sharing block device across
systems without using a clustered filesystem to maintain storage
device level data coherency across those multiple machines is not
supported in any way, shape or form, direct IO or not.

> Unfortunately, this is in direct conflict with the performance
> problem caused by some little arsewipe deciding to do:
> 
> $ while true; do dd if=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.30.so iflag=direct of=/dev/null; done

This has come up in the past, and I'm pretty sure I sent a patch to
stop iomap from invalidating the cache on DIO reads because the same
data is on disk as is in memory and it solves this whole problem.  I
cannot find that patch in the archives - I must have sent it inline
to the discussion as I'm about to do again.

Yeah, now it comes back to me - the context was about using
RWF_NOWAIT to detect page cache residency for page cache timing
attacks and I mentioned doing exactly the above as a mechanism to
demand trigger invalidation of the mapped page cache. The
solution was to only invalidate the page cache on DIO writes, but we
didn't do it straight away because I needed to audit the XFS code to
determine if there were still real reasons it was necessary.

The patch is attached below. The DIO read path is unchanged except
for the fact it skips the invalidation.  i.e. the dio read still
goes to disk, but we can leave the data in memory because it is the
same as what was on disk. This does not perturb DIO behaviour by
inserting synchronous page cache copies or exclusive inode locking
into the async DIO path and so will not cause DIO performance
regressions. However, it does allow mmap() and read() to be served
from cache at the same time as we issue overlapping DIO reads.

Cheers,

Dave.
-- 
Dave Chinner
david@fromorbit.com

iomap: Only invalidate page cache pages on direct IO writes

From: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>

The historic requirement for XFS to invalidate cached pages on
direct IO reads has been lost in the twisty pages of history - it was
inherited from Irix, which implemented page cache invalidation on
read as a method of working around problems synchronising page
cache state with uncached IO.

XFS has carried this ever since. In the initial linux ports it was
necessary to get mmap and DIO to play "ok" together and not
immediately corrupt data. This was the state of play until the linux
kernel had infrastructure to track unwritten extents and synchronise
page faults with allocations and unwritten extent conversions
(->page_mkwrite infrastructure). IOws, the page cache invalidation
on DIO read was necessary to prevent trivial data corruptions. This
didn't solve all the problems, though.

There were peformance problems if we didn't invalidate the entire
page cache over the file on read - we couldn't easily determine if
the cached pages were over the range of the IO, and invalidation
required taking a serialising lock (i_mutex) on the inode. This
serialising lock was an issue for XFS, as it was the only exclusive
lock in the direct Io read path.

Hence if there were any cached pages, we'd just invalidate the
entire file in one go so that subsequent IOs didn't need to take the
serialising lock. This was a problem that prevented ranged
invalidation from being particularly useful for avoiding the
remaining coherency issues. This was solved with the conversion of
i_mutex to i_rwsem and the conversion of the XFS inode IO lock to
use i_rwsem. Hence we could now just do ranged invalidation and the
performance problem went away.

However, page cache invalidation was still needed to serialise
sub-page/sub-block zeroing via direct IO against buffered IO because
bufferhead state attached to the cached page could get out of whack
when direct IOs were issued.  We've removed bufferheads from the
XFS code, and we don't carry any extent state on the cached pages
anymore, and so this problem has gone away, too.

IOWs, it would appear that we don't have any good reason to be
invalidating the page cache on DIO reads anymore. Hence remove the
invalidation on read because it is unnecessary overhead,
not needed to maintain coherency between mmap/buffered access and
direct IO anymore, and prevents anyone from using direct IO reads
from intentionally invalidating the page cache of a file.

Signed-off-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
---
 fs/iomap/direct-io.c | 33 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/iomap/direct-io.c b/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
index ec7b78e6feca..ef0059eb34b5 100644
--- a/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
+++ b/fs/iomap/direct-io.c
@@ -475,23 +475,24 @@ iomap_dio_rw(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
 	if (ret)
 		goto out_free_dio;
 
-	/*
-	 * Try to invalidate cache pages for the range we're direct
-	 * writing.  If this invalidation fails, tough, the write will
-	 * still work, but racing two incompatible write paths is a
-	 * pretty crazy thing to do, so we don't support it 100%.
-	 */
-	ret = invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping,
-			pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, end >> PAGE_SHIFT);
-	if (ret)
-		dio_warn_stale_pagecache(iocb->ki_filp);
-	ret = 0;
+	if (iov_iter_rw(iter) == WRITE) {
+		/*
+		 * Try to invalidate cache pages for the range we're direct
+		 * writing.  If this invalidation fails, tough, the write will
+		 * still work, but racing two incompatible write paths is a
+		 * pretty crazy thing to do, so we don't support it 100%.
+		 */
+		ret = invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping,
+				pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, end >> PAGE_SHIFT);
+		if (ret)
+			dio_warn_stale_pagecache(iocb->ki_filp);
+		ret = 0;
 
-	if (iov_iter_rw(iter) == WRITE && !wait_for_completion &&
-	    !inode->i_sb->s_dio_done_wq) {
-		ret = sb_init_dio_done_wq(inode->i_sb);
-		if (ret < 0)
-			goto out_free_dio;
+		if (!wait_for_completion &&
+		    !inode->i_sb->s_dio_done_wq) {
+			ret = sb_init_dio_done_wq(inode->i_sb);
+			if (ret < 0)
+				goto out_free_dio;
 	}
 
 	inode_dio_begin(inode);