Ping? :)
(2014/09/29 21:11), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
> Steven, could you pick this instead of old v5 patch?
>
> As you pointed, this version shows the log of "unsuppoted" test result.
>
> Thank you,
>
> (2014/09/29 21:02), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
>> Add XFAIL and POSIX 1003.3 standard codes (UNRESOLVED/
>> UNTESTED/UNSUPPORTED) as result codes. These are used for the
>> results that test case is expected to fail or unsupported
>> feature (by config).
>>
>> To return these result code, this introduces exit_unresolved,
>> exit_untested, exit_unsupported and exit_xfail functions,
>> which use real-time signals to notify the result code to
>> ftracetest.
>>
>> This also set "errexit" option for the testcases, so that
>> the tests don't need to exit explicitly.
>>
>> Note that if the test returns UNRESOLVED/UNSUPPORTED/FAIL,
>> its test log including executed commands is shown on console
>> and main logfile as below.
>>
>> ------
>> # ./ftracetest samples/
>> === Ftrace unit tests ===
>> [1] failure-case example [FAIL]
>> execute: /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc
>> + . /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc
>> ++ cat non-exist-file
>> cat: non-exist-file: No such file or directory
>> [2] pass-case example [PASS]
>> [3] unresolved-case example [UNRESOLVED]
>> execute: /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc
>> + . /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc
>> ++ trap exit_unresolved INT
>> ++ kill -INT 29324
>> +++ exit_unresolved
>> +++ kill -s 38 29265
>> +++ exit 0
>> [4] unsupported-case example [UNSUPPORTED]
>> execute: /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc
>> + . /home/fedora/ksrc/linux-3/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc
>> ++ exit_unsupported
>> ++ kill -s 40 29265
>> ++ exit 0
>> [5] untested-case example [UNTESTED]
>> [6] xfail-case example [XFAIL]
>>
>> # of passed: 1
>> # of failed: 1
>> # of unresolved: 1
>> # of untested: 1
>> # of unsupported: 1
>> # of xfailed: 1
>> # of undefined(test bug): 0
>> ------
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]>
>> Acked-by: Namhyung Kim <[email protected]>
>>
>> ---
>> Changes in v6:
>> - Show the test log of UNSUPPORTED result.
>> - Check the test results and return 1 if any of them is failed.
>>
>> Changes in v4:
>> - Remove XPASS and short-names.
>> - Use real-time signals for result code.
>> - Simplify test cases by using errexit option.
>> - Add sample scripts for result code.
>>
>> Changes in v3:
>> - Add UNRESOLVED/UNTESTED codes.
>> - Fix to handle undefined codes.
>> - Add a document about return codes.
>> - Fix to show failure logs.
>> - Don't use -e option for echo since dash doesn't support it.
>> ---
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/README | 37 ++++++
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/ftracetest | 124 ++++++++++++++++++--
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc | 4 +
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/pass.tc | 3
>> .../testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc | 4 +
>> .../selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc | 3
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/untested.tc | 3
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/xfail.tc | 3
>> .../selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic2.tc | 3
>> .../selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic3.tc | 6 -
>> .../ftrace/test.d/kprobe/add_and_remove.tc | 12 +-
>> .../selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/busy_check.tc | 15 +-
>> tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/template | 5 +
>> 13 files changed, 189 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/pass.tc
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/untested.tc
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/xfail.tc
>>
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/README b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/README
>> index b8631f0..182e76f 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/README
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/README
>> @@ -38,6 +38,43 @@ extension) and rewrite the test description line.
>> * The test cases should run on dash (busybox shell) for testing on
>> minimal cross-build environments.
>>
>> + * Note that the tests are run with "set -e" (errexit) option. If any
>> + command fails, the test will be terminated immediately.
>> +
>> + * The tests can return some result codes instead of pass or fail by
>> + using exit_unresolved, exit_untested, exit_unsupported and exit_xfail.
>> +
>> +Result code
>> +===========
>> +
>> +Ftracetest supports following result codes.
>> +
>> + * PASS: The test succeeded as expected. The test which exits with 0 is
>> + counted as passed test.
>> +
>> + * FAIL: The test failed, but was expected to succeed. The test which exits
>> + with !0 is counted as failed test.
>> +
>> + * UNRESOLVED: The test produced unclear or intermidiate results.
>> + for example, the test was interrupted
>> + or the test depends on a previous test, which failed.
>> + or the test was set up incorrectly
>> + The test which is in above situation, must call exit_unresolved.
>> +
>> + * UNTESTED: The test was not run, currently just a placeholder.
>> + In this case, the test must call exit_untested.
>> +
>> + * UNSUPPORTED: The test failed because of lack of feature.
>> + In this case, the test must call exit_unsupported.
>> +
>> + * XFAIL: The test failed, and was expected to fail.
>> + To return XFAIL, call exit_xfail from the test.
>> +
>> +There are some sample test scripts for result code under samples/.
>> +You can also run samples as below:
>> +
>> + # ./ftracetest samples/
>> +
>> TODO
>> ====
>>
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/ftracetest b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/ftracetest
>> index 4c6c2fa..a8f81c7 100755
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/ftracetest
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/ftracetest
>> @@ -114,22 +114,106 @@ prlog "=== Ftrace unit tests ==="
>>
>>
>> # Testcase management
>> +# Test result codes - Dejagnu extended code
>> +PASS=0 # The test succeeded.
>> +FAIL=1 # The test failed, but was expected to succeed.
>> +UNRESOLVED=2 # The test produced indeterminate results. (e.g. interrupted)
>> +UNTESTED=3 # The test was not run, currently just a placeholder.
>> +UNSUPPORTED=4 # The test failed because of lack of feature.
>> +XFAIL=5 # The test failed, and was expected to fail.
>> +
>> +# Accumulations
>> PASSED_CASES=
>> FAILED_CASES=
>> +UNRESOLVED_CASES=
>> +UNTESTED_CASES=
>> +UNSUPPORTED_CASES=
>> +XFAILED_CASES=
>> +UNDEFINED_CASES=
>> +TOTAL_RESULT=0
>> +
>> CASENO=0
>> testcase() { # testfile
>> CASENO=$((CASENO+1))
>> prlog -n "[$CASENO]"`grep "^#[ \t]*description:" $1 | cut -f2 -d:`
>> }
>> -failed() {
>> - prlog " [FAIL]"
>> - FAILED_CASES="$FAILED_CASES $CASENO"
>> +
>> +eval_result() { # retval sigval
>> + local retval=$2
>> + if [ $2 -eq 0 ]; then
>> + test $1 -ne 0 && retval=$FAIL
>> + fi
>> + case $retval in
>> + $PASS)
>> + prlog " [PASS]"
>> + PASSED_CASES="$PASSED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 0
>> + ;;
>> + $FAIL)
>> + prlog " [FAIL]"
>> + FAILED_CASES="$FAILED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 1 # this is a bug.
>> + ;;
>> + $UNRESOLVED)
>> + prlog " [UNRESOLVED]"
>> + UNRESOLVED_CASES="$UNRESOLVED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 1 # this is a kind of bug.. something happened.
>> + ;;
>> + $UNTESTED)
>> + prlog " [UNTESTED]"
>> + UNTESTED_CASES="$UNTESTED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 0
>> + ;;
>> + $UNSUPPORTED)
>> + prlog " [UNSUPPORTED]"
>> + UNSUPPORTED_CASES="$UNSUPPORTED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 1 # this is not a bug, but the result should be reported.
>> + ;;
>> + $XFAIL)
>> + prlog " [XFAIL]"
>> + XFAILED_CASES="$XFAILED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 0
>> + ;;
>> + *)
>> + prlog " [UNDEFINED]"
>> + UNDEFINED_CASES="$UNDEFINED_CASES $CASENO"
>> + return 1 # this must be a test bug
>> + ;;
>> + esac
>> +}
>> +
>> +# Signal handling for result codes
>> +SIG_RESULT=
>> +SIG_BASE=36 # Use realtime signals
>> +SIG_PID=$$
>> +
>> +SIG_UNRESOLVED=$((SIG_BASE + UNRESOLVED))
>> +exit_unresolved () {
>> + kill -s $SIG_UNRESOLVED $SIG_PID
>> + exit 0
>> +}
>> +trap 'SIG_RESULT=$UNRESOLVED' $SIG_UNRESOLVED
>> +
>> +SIG_UNTESTED=$((SIG_BASE + UNTESTED))
>> +exit_untested () {
>> + kill -s $SIG_UNTESTED $SIG_PID
>> + exit 0
>> }
>> -passed() {
>> - prlog " [PASS]"
>> - PASSED_CASES="$PASSED_CASES $CASENO"
>> +trap 'SIG_RESULT=$UNTESTED' $SIG_UNTESTED
>> +
>> +SIG_UNSUPPORTED=$((SIG_BASE + UNSUPPORTED))
>> +exit_unsupported () {
>> + kill -s $SIG_UNSUPPORTED $SIG_PID
>> + exit 0
>> }
>> +trap 'SIG_RESULT=$UNSUPPORTED' $SIG_UNSUPPORTED
>>
>> +SIG_XFAIL=$((SIG_BASE + XFAIL))
>> +exit_xfail () {
>> + kill -s $SIG_XFAIL $SIG_PID
>> + exit 0
>> +}
>> +trap 'SIG_RESULT=$XFAIL' $SIG_XFAIL
>>
>> # Run one test case
>> run_test() { # testfile
>> @@ -137,14 +221,17 @@ run_test() { # testfile
>> local testlog=`mktemp --tmpdir=$LOG_DIR ${testname}-XXXXXX.log`
>> testcase $1
>> echo "execute: "$1 > $testlog
>> - (cd $TRACING_DIR; set -x ; . $1) >> $testlog 2>&1
>> - ret=$?
>> - if [ $ret -ne 0 ]; then
>> - failed
>> - catlog $testlog
>> - else
>> - passed
>> + SIG_RESULT=0
>> + # setup PID and PPID, $$ is not updated.
>> + (cd $TRACING_DIR; read PID _ < /proc/self/stat ;
>> + set -e; set -x; . $1) >> $testlog 2>&1
>> + eval_result $? $SIG_RESULT
>> + if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
>> + # Remove test log if the test was done as it was expected.
>> [ $KEEP_LOG -eq 0 ] && rm $testlog
>> + else
>> + catlog $testlog
>> + TOTAL_RESULT=1
>> fi
>> }
>>
>> @@ -152,8 +239,15 @@ run_test() { # testfile
>> for t in $TEST_CASES; do
>> run_test $t
>> done
>> +
>> prlog ""
>> prlog "# of passed: " `echo $PASSED_CASES | wc -w`
>> prlog "# of failed: " `echo $FAILED_CASES | wc -w`
>> -
>> -test -z "$FAILED_CASES" # if no error, return 0
>> +prlog "# of unresolved: " `echo $UNRESOLVED_CASES | wc -w`
>> +prlog "# of untested: " `echo $UNTESTED_CASES | wc -w`
>> +prlog "# of unsupported: " `echo $UNSUPPORTED_CASES | wc -w`
>> +prlog "# of xfailed: " `echo $XFAILED_CASES | wc -w`
>> +prlog "# of undefined(test bug): " `echo $UNDEFINED_CASES | wc -w`
>> +
>> +# if no error, return 0
>> +exit $TOTAL_RESULT
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..15e35b9
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/fail.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: failure-case example
>> +cat non-exist-file
>> +echo "this is not executed"
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/pass.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/pass.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..d015493
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/pass.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: pass-case example
>> +return 0
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..41e99d3
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unresolved.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: unresolved-case example
>> +trap exit_unresolved INT
>> +kill -INT $PID
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..45910ff
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/unsupported.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: unsupported-case example
>> +exit_unsupported
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/untested.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/untested.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..35a4594
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/untested.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: untested-case example
>> +exit_untested
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/xfail.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/xfail.tc
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..9dd3953
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/samples/xfail.tc
>> @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
>> +#!/bin/sh
>> +# description: xfail-case example
>> +cat non-exist-file || exit_xfail
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic2.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic2.tc
>> index b04f30d..bf9a7b0 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic2.tc
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic2.tc
>> @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
>> #!/bin/sh
>> # description: Basic test for tracers
>> +test -f available_tracers
>> for t in `cat available_tracers`; do
>> - echo $t > current_tracer || exit 1
>> + echo $t > current_tracer
>> done
>> echo nop > current_tracer
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic3.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic3.tc
>> index 0c1a3a2..bde6625 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic3.tc
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/00basic/basic3.tc
>> @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
>> #!/bin/sh
>> # description: Basic trace clock test
>> -[ -f trace_clock ] || exit 1
>> +test -f trace_clock
>> for c in `cat trace_clock | tr -d \[\]`; do
>> - echo $c > trace_clock || exit 1
>> - grep '\['$c'\]' trace_clock || exit 1
>> + echo $c > trace_clock
>> + grep '\['$c'\]' trace_clock
>> done
>> echo local > trace_clock
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/add_and_remove.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/add_and_remove.tc
>> index 5ddfb47..1b8b665 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/add_and_remove.tc
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/add_and_remove.tc
>> @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
>> #!/bin/sh
>> # description: Kprobe dynamic event - adding and removing
>>
>> -[ -f kprobe_events ] || exit 1
>> +[ -f kprobe_events ] || exit_unsupported # this is configurable
>>
>> -echo 0 > events/enable || exit 1
>> -echo > kprobe_events || exit 1
>> -echo p:myevent do_fork > kprobe_events || exit 1
>> -grep myevent kprobe_events || exit 1
>> -[ -d events/kprobes/myevent ] || exit 1
>> +echo 0 > events/enable
>> +echo > kprobe_events
>> +echo p:myevent do_fork > kprobe_events
>> +grep myevent kprobe_events
>> +test -d events/kprobes/myevent
>> echo > kprobe_events
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/busy_check.tc b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/busy_check.tc
>> index 588fde97..b55c840 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/busy_check.tc
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/kprobe/busy_check.tc
>> @@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
>> #!/bin/sh
>> # description: Kprobe dynamic event - busy event check
>>
>> -[ -f kprobe_events ] || exit 1
>> +[ -f kprobe_events ] || exit_unsupported
>>
>> -echo 0 > events/enable || exit 1
>> -echo > kprobe_events || exit 1
>> -echo p:myevent do_fork > kprobe_events || exit 1
>> -[ -d events/kprobes/myevent ] || exit 1
>> -echo 1 > events/kprobes/myevent/enable || exit 1
>> +echo 0 > events/enable
>> +echo > kprobe_events
>> +echo p:myevent do_fork > kprobe_events
>> +test -d events/kprobes/myevent
>> +echo 1 > events/kprobes/myevent/enable
>> echo > kprobe_events && exit 1 # this must fail
>> -echo 0 > events/kprobes/myevent/enable || exit 1
>> +echo 0 > events/kprobes/myevent/enable
>> echo > kprobe_events # this must succeed
>> -
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/template b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/template
>> index ce5f735..5448f7a 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/template
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/ftrace/test.d/template
>> @@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
>> #!/bin/sh
>> # description: %HERE DESCRIBE WHAT THIS DOES%
>> # you have to add ".tc" extention for your testcase file
>> +# Note that all tests are run with "errexit" option.
>> +
>> exit 0 # Return 0 if the test is passed, otherwise return !0
>> +# If the test could not run because of lack of feature, call exit_unsupported
>> +# If the test returned unclear results, call exit_unresolved
>> +# If the test is a dummy, or a placeholder, call exit_untested
>>
>>
>>
>
>
--
Masami HIRAMATSU
IT Management Research Dept. Linux Technology Center
Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama Research Laboratory
E-mail: [email protected]
On Fri, 03 Oct 2014 20:29:12 +0900
Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]> wrote:
> Ping? :)
Haven't forgotten you. It's still a top priority. I was working on
something else and hit a bug that's in mainline with the ring buffer.
It's a hard to hit race and it took a while to bisect, but I finally
found the cause and have the fix. Luckily it was only introduced in
3.17-rc1. This took priority, but I'm almost done with it.
Your stuff is next on the TODO list.
-- Steve
>
> (2014/09/29 21:11), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
> > Steven, could you pick this instead of old v5 patch?
> >
> > As you pointed, this version shows the log of "unsuppoted" test result.
> >
> > Thank you,
On Fri, 03 Oct 2014 20:29:12 +0900
Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]> wrote:
> Ping? :)
Just to make sure. This is just the one patch that I missed before,
right?
I pulled it and now testing it (running the tests). I'll push it to my
linux-next branch sometime later today. You'll probably see it as you
wake up ;-)
-- Steve
>
> (2014/09/29 21:11), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
> > Steven, could you pick this instead of old v5 patch?
> >
> > As you pointed, this version shows the log of "unsuppoted" test result.
> >
> > Thank you,
> >
> > (2014/09/29 21:02), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
> >> Add XFAIL and POSIX 1003.3 standard codes (UNRESOLVED/
> >> UNTESTED/UNSUPPORTED) as result codes. These are used for the
> >> results that test case is expected to fail or unsupported
> >> feature (by config).
> >>
> >> To return these result code, this introduces exit_unresolved,
> >> exit_untested, exit_unsupported and exit_xfail functions,
> >> which use real-time signals to notify the result code to
> >> ftracetest.
> >>
> >> This also set "errexit" option for the testcases, so that
> >> the tests don't need to exit explicitly.
> >>
> >> Note that if the test returns UNRESOLVED/UNSUPPORTED/FAIL,
> >> its test log including executed commands is shown on console
> >> and main logfile as below.
(2014/10/04 5:53), Steven Rostedt wrote:
> On Fri, 03 Oct 2014 20:29:12 +0900
> Masami Hiramatsu <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> Ping? :)
>
> Just to make sure. This is just the one patch that I missed before,
> right?
Yes, this one is the last patch in previous series.
>
> I pulled it and now testing it (running the tests). I'll push it to my
> linux-next branch sometime later today. You'll probably see it as you
> wake up ;-)
Thanks!!
>
> -- Steve
>
>>
>> (2014/09/29 21:11), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
>>> Steven, could you pick this instead of old v5 patch?
>>>
>>> As you pointed, this version shows the log of "unsuppoted" test result.
>>>
>>> Thank you,
>>>
>>> (2014/09/29 21:02), Masami Hiramatsu wrote:
>>>> Add XFAIL and POSIX 1003.3 standard codes (UNRESOLVED/
>>>> UNTESTED/UNSUPPORTED) as result codes. These are used for the
>>>> results that test case is expected to fail or unsupported
>>>> feature (by config).
>>>>
>>>> To return these result code, this introduces exit_unresolved,
>>>> exit_untested, exit_unsupported and exit_xfail functions,
>>>> which use real-time signals to notify the result code to
>>>> ftracetest.
>>>>
>>>> This also set "errexit" option for the testcases, so that
>>>> the tests don't need to exit explicitly.
>>>>
>>>> Note that if the test returns UNRESOLVED/UNSUPPORTED/FAIL,
>>>> its test log including executed commands is shown on console
>>>> and main logfile as below.
> --
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>
--
Masami HIRAMATSU
Software Platform Research Dept. Linux Technology Research Center
Hitachi, Ltd., Yokohama Research Laboratory
E-mail: [email protected]