2023-01-31 14:53:31

by Longpeng(Mike)

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

From: Longpeng <[email protected]>

We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).

Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
---
drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
--- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
+++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
@@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
}

+static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
+{
+ struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
+ u32 asid;
+
+ for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
+ as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
+ if (as)
+ vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
+ }
+}
+
static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
@@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
+ vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
--
2.23.0



2023-02-14 01:54:47

by Longpeng(Mike)

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

Hi guys, any suggestions?

在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>
> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
>
> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> ---
> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> }
>
> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> +{
> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> + u32 asid;
> +
> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> + if (as)
> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> + }
> +}
> +
> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);

2023-02-14 06:17:04

by Jason Wang

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds


在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>
> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).


Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?

Thanks


>
> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> ---
> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> }
>
> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> +{
> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> + u32 asid;
> +
> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> + if (as)
> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> + }
> +}
> +
> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);


2023-02-14 06:28:28

by Longpeng(Mike)

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds



在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
>
> 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
>> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>>
>> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
>> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
>> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
>
>
> Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
>

For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.

So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
suitable choice?

By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?

> Thanks
>
>
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>> ---
>>   drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
>>   1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
>>
>> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
>> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>           vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
>>   }
>> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
>> +{
>> +    struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
>> +    u32 asid;
>> +
>> +    for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
>> +        as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
>> +        if (as)
>> +            vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
>> +    }
>> +}
>> +
>>   static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>                    struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
>>                    u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
>> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
>> *inode, struct file *filep)
>>       vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
>>       vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
>>       vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
>> +    vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
>>       vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
>>       vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
>>       vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
>
> .

2023-02-15 02:01:50

by Jason Wang

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
>
> 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
> >
> > 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> >> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >>
> >> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> >> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> >> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
> >
> >
> > Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
> >
>
> For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
> ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
>
> So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
> suitable choice?

I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:

For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
vhost_vdpa_release()?

static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
{
struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;

mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
filep->private_data = NULL;
vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);

atomic_dec(&v->opened);
complete(&v->completion);

return 0;
}

>
> By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
>

Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
the author to validate this anyhow.

Thanks

> > Thanks
> >
> >
> >>
> >> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >> ---
> >> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> >> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> >>
> >> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> >> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> >> }
> >> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> >> +{
> >> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> >> + u32 asid;
> >> +
> >> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> >> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> >> + if (as)
> >> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> >> + }
> >> +}
> >> +
> >> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> >> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> >> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
> >> *inode, struct file *filep)
> >> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> >> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> >> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> >> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> >> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> >> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> >> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> >
> > .
>


2023-02-15 02:49:36

by Longpeng(Mike)

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds



在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
> On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
>>>
>>> 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
>>>> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>>>>
>>>> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
>>>> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
>>>> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
>>>
>>>
>>> Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
>>>
>>
>> For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
>> ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
>>
>> So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
>> suitable choice?
>
> I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
>
> For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
> vhost_vdpa_release()?
>

Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:

1. vhost_vdpa_open
vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain

2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
pin_user_pages
vhost_vdpa_map
iommu_map

3. kill QEMU

4. vhost_vdpa_release
vhost_vdpa_free_domain

In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
iommu_unmap to free the memory.

> static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> {
> struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
> struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
>
> mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
> filep->private_data = NULL;
> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
>
> atomic_dec(&v->opened);
> complete(&v->completion);
>
> return 0;
> }
>
>>
>> By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
>>
>
> Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
> the author to validate this anyhow.
>
> Thanks
>
>>> Thanks
>>>
>>>
>>>>
>>>> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>>>> ---
>>>> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
>>>> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
>>>> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>>> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
>>>> }
>>>> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
>>>> +{
>>>> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
>>>> + u32 asid;
>>>> +
>>>> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
>>>> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
>>>> + if (as)
>>>> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
>>>> + }
>>>> +}
>>>> +
>>>> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>>> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
>>>> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
>>>> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
>>>> *inode, struct file *filep)
>>>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
>>>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
>>>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
>>>> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
>>>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
>>>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
>>>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
>>>
>>> .
>>
>
> .

2023-02-15 02:57:57

by Jason Wang

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 10:49 AM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
>
> 在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
> > On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
> >>>
> >>> 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> >>>> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >>>>
> >>>> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> >>>> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> >>>> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
> >>>
> >>
> >> For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
> >> ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
> >>
> >> So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
> >> suitable choice?
> >
> > I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
> >
> > For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
> > vhost_vdpa_release()?
> >
>
> Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:
>
> 1. vhost_vdpa_open
> vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain
>
> 2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
> pin_user_pages
> vhost_vdpa_map
> iommu_map
>
> 3. kill QEMU
>
> 4. vhost_vdpa_release
> vhost_vdpa_free_domain
>
> In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
> iommu_unmap to free the memory.

We do:

vhost_vdpa_cleanup()
vhost_vdpa_remove_as()
vhost_vdpa_iotlb_unmap()
vhost_vdpa_pa_unmap()
unpin_user_pages()
vhost_vdpa_general_unmap()
iommu_unmap()
?

Btw, it looks like we should call vhost_vdpa_free_domain() *after*
vhost_vdpa_cleanup() otherwise it's a UAF?

Thanks

>
> > static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> > {
> > struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
> > struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
> >
> > mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
> > filep->private_data = NULL;
> > vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> > vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> > vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> > vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> > vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> > mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
> >
> > atomic_dec(&v->opened);
> > complete(&v->completion);
> >
> > return 0;
> > }
> >
> >>
> >> By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
> >>
> >
> > Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
> > the author to validate this anyhow.
> >
> > Thanks
> >
> >>> Thanks
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>>
> >>>> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >>>> ---
> >>>> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> >>>> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> >>>>
> >>>> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> >>>> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> >>>> }
> >>>> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> >>>> +{
> >>>> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> >>>> + u32 asid;
> >>>> +
> >>>> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> >>>> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> >>>> + if (as)
> >>>> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> >>>> + }
> >>>> +}
> >>>> +
> >>>> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >>>> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> >>>> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> >>>> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
> >>>> *inode, struct file *filep)
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> >>>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> >>>> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> >>>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> >>>
> >>> .
> >>
> >
> > .
>


2023-02-15 05:16:06

by Longpeng(Mike)

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds



在 2023/2/15 10:56, Jason Wang 写道:
> On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 10:49 AM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> 在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
>>> On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
>>> Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
>>>>>
>>>>> 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
>>>>>> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
>>>>>> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
>>>>>> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>> For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
>>>> ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
>>>>
>>>> So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
>>>> suitable choice?
>>>
>>> I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
>>>
>>> For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
>>> vhost_vdpa_release()?
>>>
>>
>> Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:
>>
>> 1. vhost_vdpa_open
>> vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain
>>
>> 2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
>> pin_user_pages
>> vhost_vdpa_map
>> iommu_map
>>
>> 3. kill QEMU
>>
>> 4. vhost_vdpa_release
>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain
>>
>> In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
>> iommu_unmap to free the memory.
>
> We do:
>
> vhost_vdpa_cleanup()
> vhost_vdpa_remove_as()
> vhost_vdpa_iotlb_unmap()
> vhost_vdpa_pa_unmap()
> unpin_user_pages()
> vhost_vdpa_general_unmap()
> iommu_unmap()
> ?
>
Oh, my codebase is linux-6.2-rc2 and the commit c070c1912a8 (vhost-vdpa:
fix an iotlb memory leak) already fixed this bug in linux-6.2-rc3.

> Btw, it looks like we should call vhost_vdpa_free_domain() *after*
> vhost_vdpa_cleanup() otherwise it's a UAF?
>
I think so, the v->domain is set to NULL in vhost_vdpa_free_domain(), it
seems would trigger null-pointer access in my case.

> Thanks
>
>>
>>> static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
>>> {
>>> struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
>>> struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
>>>
>>> mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
>>> filep->private_data = NULL;
>>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
>>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
>>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
>>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
>>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
>>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
>>> mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
>>>
>>> atomic_dec(&v->opened);
>>> complete(&v->completion);
>>>
>>> return 0;
>>> }
>>>
>>>>
>>>> By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
>>>>
>>>
>>> Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
>>> the author to validate this anyhow.
>>>
>>> Thanks
>>>
>>>>> Thanks
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
>>>>>> ---
>>>>>> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
>>>>>> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>>>> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
>>>>>> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>>>> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
>>>>>> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
>>>>>> }
>>>>>> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
>>>>>> +{
>>>>>> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
>>>>>> + u32 asid;
>>>>>> +
>>>>>> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
>>>>>> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
>>>>>> + if (as)
>>>>>> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
>>>>>> + }
>>>>>> +}
>>>>>> +
>>>>>> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
>>>>>> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
>>>>>> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
>>>>>> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
>>>>>> *inode, struct file *filep)
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
>>>>>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
>>>>>> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
>>>>>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
>>>>>
>>>>> .
>>>>
>>>
>>> .
>>
>
> .

2023-02-15 11:46:45

by Michael S. Tsirkin

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 01:15:55PM +0800, Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure Service Product Dept.) wrote:
>
>
> 在 2023/2/15 10:56, Jason Wang 写道:
> > On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 10:49 AM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
> > > > On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > > > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> > > > > > > From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> > > > > > > some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> > > > > > > userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
> > > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
> > > > > ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
> > > > >
> > > > > So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
> > > > > suitable choice?
> > > >
> > > > I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
> > > >
> > > > For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
> > > > vhost_vdpa_release()?
> > > >
> > >
> > > Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:
> > >
> > > 1. vhost_vdpa_open
> > > vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain
> > >
> > > 2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
> > > pin_user_pages
> > > vhost_vdpa_map
> > > iommu_map
> > >
> > > 3. kill QEMU
> > >
> > > 4. vhost_vdpa_release
> > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain
> > >
> > > In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
> > > iommu_unmap to free the memory.
> >
> > We do:
> >
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup()
> > vhost_vdpa_remove_as()
> > vhost_vdpa_iotlb_unmap()
> > vhost_vdpa_pa_unmap()
> > unpin_user_pages()
> > vhost_vdpa_general_unmap()
> > iommu_unmap()
> > ?
> >
> Oh, my codebase is linux-6.2-rc2 and the commit c070c1912a8 (vhost-vdpa: fix
> an iotlb memory leak) already fixed this bug in linux-6.2-rc3.
>
> > Btw, it looks like we should call vhost_vdpa_free_domain() *after*
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup() otherwise it's a UAF?
> >
> I think so, the v->domain is set to NULL in vhost_vdpa_free_domain(), it
> seems would trigger null-pointer access in my case.


OK I'll drop this patch for now then?

> > Thanks
> >
> > >
> > > > static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> > > > {
> > > > struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
> > > > struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
> > > >
> > > > mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
> > > > filep->private_data = NULL;
> > > > vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> > > > vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> > > > mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
> > > >
> > > > atomic_dec(&v->opened);
> > > > complete(&v->completion);
> > > >
> > > > return 0;
> > > > }
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
> > > > the author to validate this anyhow.
> > > >
> > > > Thanks
> > > >
> > > > > > Thanks
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> > > > > > > ---
> > > > > > > drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> > > > > > > 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> > > > > > > }
> > > > > > > +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> > > > > > > +{
> > > > > > > + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> > > > > > > + u32 asid;
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> > > > > > > + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> > > > > > > + if (as)
> > > > > > > + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> > > > > > > + }
> > > > > > > +}
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> > > > > > > struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> > > > > > > u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> > > > > > > @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
> > > > > > > *inode, struct file *filep)
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> > > > > > > + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> > > > > >
> > > > > > .
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > .
> > >
> >
> > .


2023-02-17 05:59:20

by Jason Wang

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 1:16 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
>
> 在 2023/2/15 10:56, Jason Wang 写道:
> > On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 10:49 AM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
> >>> On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> >>> Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>>
> >>>> 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
> >>>>>
> >>>>> 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> >>>>>> From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> >>>>>> some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> >>>>>> userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>> Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
> >>>>>
> >>>>
> >>>> For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
> >>>> ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
> >>>>
> >>>> So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
> >>>> suitable choice?
> >>>
> >>> I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
> >>>
> >>> For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
> >>> vhost_vdpa_release()?
> >>>
> >>
> >> Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:
> >>
> >> 1. vhost_vdpa_open
> >> vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain
> >>
> >> 2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
> >> pin_user_pages
> >> vhost_vdpa_map
> >> iommu_map
> >>
> >> 3. kill QEMU
> >>
> >> 4. vhost_vdpa_release
> >> vhost_vdpa_free_domain
> >>
> >> In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
> >> iommu_unmap to free the memory.
> >
> > We do:
> >
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup()
> > vhost_vdpa_remove_as()
> > vhost_vdpa_iotlb_unmap()
> > vhost_vdpa_pa_unmap()
> > unpin_user_pages()
> > vhost_vdpa_general_unmap()
> > iommu_unmap()
> > ?
> >
> Oh, my codebase is linux-6.2-rc2 and the commit c070c1912a8 (vhost-vdpa:
> fix an iotlb memory leak) already fixed this bug in linux-6.2-rc3.
>
> > Btw, it looks like we should call vhost_vdpa_free_domain() *after*
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup() otherwise it's a UAF?
> >
> I think so, the v->domain is set to NULL in vhost_vdpa_free_domain(), it
> seems would trigger null-pointer access in my case.

Patch are welcomed.

Thanks

>
> > Thanks
> >
> >>
> >>> static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> >>> {
> >>> struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
> >>> struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
> >>>
> >>> mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
> >>> filep->private_data = NULL;
> >>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> >>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> >>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> >>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> >>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> >>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> >>> mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
> >>>
> >>> atomic_dec(&v->opened);
> >>> complete(&v->completion);
> >>>
> >>> return 0;
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>>>
> >>>> By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
> >>>>
> >>>
> >>> Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
> >>> the author to validate this anyhow.
> >>>
> >>> Thanks
> >>>
> >>>>> Thanks
> >>>>>
> >>>>>
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> >>>>>> ---
> >>>>>> drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> >>>>>> 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> >>>>>>
> >>>>>> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>>>> index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> >>>>>> --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>>>> +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> >>>>>> @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> >>>>>> }
> >>>>>> +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> >>>>>> +{
> >>>>>> + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> >>>>>> + u32 asid;
> >>>>>> +
> >>>>>> + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> >>>>>> + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> >>>>>> + if (as)
> >>>>>> + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> >>>>>> + }
> >>>>>> +}
> >>>>>> +
> >>>>>> static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> >>>>>> struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> >>>>>> u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> >>>>>> @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
> >>>>>> *inode, struct file *filep)
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> >>>>>> vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> >>>>>> + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> >>>>>> vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> >>>>>
> >>>>> .
> >>>>
> >>>
> >>> .
> >>
> >
> > .
>


2023-03-10 08:40:40

by Michael S. Tsirkin

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [PATCH] vhost-vdpa: cleanup memory maps when closing vdpa fds

On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 01:15:55PM +0800, Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure Service Product Dept.) wrote:
>
>
> 在 2023/2/15 10:56, Jason Wang 写道:
> > On Wed, Feb 15, 2023 at 10:49 AM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > 在 2023/2/15 10:00, Jason Wang 写道:
> > > > On Tue, Feb 14, 2023 at 2:28 PM Longpeng (Mike, Cloud Infrastructure
> > > > Service Product Dept.) <[email protected]> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > 在 2023/2/14 14:16, Jason Wang 写道:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > 在 2023/1/31 22:53, Longpeng(Mike) 写道:
> > > > > > > From: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > We must cleanup all memory maps when closing the vdpa fds, otherwise
> > > > > > > some critical resources (e.g. memory, iommu map) will leaked if the
> > > > > > > userspace exits unexpectedly (e.g. kill -9).
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Sounds like a bug of the kernel, should we fix there?
> > > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > For example, the iommu map is setup when QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE
> > > > > ioctl and it'll be freed if QEMU calls VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE ioctl.
> > > > >
> > > > > So maybe we release these resources in vdpa framework in kernel is a
> > > > > suitable choice?
> > > >
> > > > I think I need understand what does "resources" mean here:
> > > >
> > > > For iommu mapping, it should be freed by vhost_vdpa_free_domain() in
> > > > vhost_vdpa_release()?
> > > >
> > >
> > > Please consider the following lifecycle of the vdpa device:
> > >
> > > 1. vhost_vdpa_open
> > > vhost_vdpa_alloc_domain
> > >
> > > 2. vhost_vdpa_pa_map
> > > pin_user_pages
> > > vhost_vdpa_map
> > > iommu_map
> > >
> > > 3. kill QEMU
> > >
> > > 4. vhost_vdpa_release
> > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain
> > >
> > > In this case, we have no opportunity to invoke unpin_user_pages or
> > > iommu_unmap to free the memory.
> >
> > We do:
> >
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup()
> > vhost_vdpa_remove_as()
> > vhost_vdpa_iotlb_unmap()
> > vhost_vdpa_pa_unmap()
> > unpin_user_pages()
> > vhost_vdpa_general_unmap()
> > iommu_unmap()
> > ?
> >
> Oh, my codebase is linux-6.2-rc2 and the commit c070c1912a8 (vhost-vdpa: fix
> an iotlb memory leak) already fixed this bug in linux-6.2-rc3.

OK I dropped this.

> > Btw, it looks like we should call vhost_vdpa_free_domain() *after*
> > vhost_vdpa_cleanup() otherwise it's a UAF?
> >
> I think so, the v->domain is set to NULL in vhost_vdpa_free_domain(), it
> seems would trigger null-pointer access in my case.
>
> > Thanks
> >
> > >
> > > > static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
> > > > {
> > > > struct vhost_vdpa *v = filep->private_data;
> > > > struct vhost_dev *d = &v->vdev;
> > > >
> > > > mutex_lock(&d->mutex);
> > > > filep->private_data = NULL;
> > > > vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> > > > vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> > > > vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> > > > mutex_unlock(&d->mutex);
> > > >
> > > > atomic_dec(&v->opened);
> > > > complete(&v->completion);
> > > >
> > > > return 0;
> > > > }
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > By the way, Jason, can you reproduce the problem in your machine?
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Haven't got time in doing this but it should be the responsibility of
> > > > the author to validate this anyhow.
> > > >
> > > > Thanks
> > > >
> > > > > > Thanks
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Signed-off-by: Longpeng <[email protected]>
> > > > > > > ---
> > > > > > > drivers/vhost/vdpa.c | 13 +++++++++++++
> > > > > > > 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > diff --git a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > index a527eeeac637..37477cffa5aa 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > +++ b/drivers/vhost/vdpa.c
> > > > > > > @@ -823,6 +823,18 @@ static void vhost_vdpa_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_remove_as(v, asid);
> > > > > > > }
> > > > > > > +static void vhost_vdpa_clean_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v)
> > > > > > > +{
> > > > > > > + struct vhost_vdpa_as *as;
> > > > > > > + u32 asid;
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > + for (asid = 0; asid < v->vdpa->nas; asid++) {
> > > > > > > + as = asid_to_as(v, asid);
> > > > > > > + if (as)
> > > > > > > + vhost_vdpa_unmap(v, &as->iotlb, 0ULL, 0ULL - 1);
> > > > > > > + }
> > > > > > > +}
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > static int vhost_vdpa_va_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v,
> > > > > > > struct vhost_iotlb *iotlb,
> > > > > > > u64 iova, u64 size, u64 uaddr, u32 perm)
> > > > > > > @@ -1247,6 +1259,7 @@ static int vhost_vdpa_release(struct inode
> > > > > > > *inode, struct file *filep)
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_clean_irq(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_reset(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_dev_stop(&v->vdev);
> > > > > > > + vhost_vdpa_clean_map(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_free_domain(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_config_put(v);
> > > > > > > vhost_vdpa_cleanup(v);
> > > > > >
> > > > > > .
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > .
> > >
> >
> > .