From: Sai Praneeth <[email protected]>
Future Intel processors will support "Enhanced IBRS" which is an "always
on" mode i.e. IBRS bit in SPEC_CTRL MSR is enabled once and never
disabled.
From the specification [1]:
"With enhanced IBRS, the predicted targets of indirect branches
executed cannot be controlled by software that was executed in a less
privileged predictor mode or on another logical processor. As a
result, software operating on a processor with enhanced IBRS need not
use WRMSR to set IA32_SPEC_CTRL.IBRS after every transition to a more
privileged predictor mode. Software can isolate predictor modes
effectively simply by setting the bit once. Software need not disable
enhanced IBRS prior to entering a sleep state such as MWAIT or HLT."
If Enhanced IBRS is supported by the processor then use it as the
preferred spectre v2 mitigation mechanism instead of Retpoline. Intel's
Retpoline white paper [2] states:
"Retpoline is known to be an effective branch target injection (Spectre
variant 2) mitigation on Intel processors belonging to family 6
(enumerated by the CPUID instruction) that do not have support for
enhanced IBRS. On processors that support enhanced IBRS, it should be
used for mitigation instead of retpoline."
The reason why Enhanced IBRS is the recommended mitigation on processors
which support it is that these processors also support CET which
provides a defense against ROP attacks. Retpoline is very similar to ROP
techniques and might trigger false positives in the CET defense.
If Enhanced IBRS is selected as the mitigation technique for spectre v2,
the IBRS bit in SPEC_CTRL MSR is set once at boot time and never
cleared. Kernel also has to make sure that IBRS bit remains set after
VMEXIT because the guest might have cleared the bit. This is already
covered by the existing x86_spec_ctrl_set_guest() and
x86_spec_ctrl_restore_host() speculation control functions.
Enhanced IBRS still requires IBPB for full mitigation.
[1] Speculative-Execution-Side-Channel-Mitigations.pdf
[2] Retpoline-A-Branch-Target-Injection-Mitigation.pdf
Both the documents are available at:
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=199511
Signed-off-by: Sai Praneeth Prakhya <[email protected]>
Originally-by: David Woodhouse <[email protected]>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <[email protected]>
Cc: Tim C Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
Cc: Ravi Shankar <[email protected]>
---
arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h | 1 +
arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h | 2 +-
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++--
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c | 3 +++
4 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
Changes from V2 to V3:
1. Improve commit message as suggested by Thomas i.e.
a. Use indentation when quoting from specification.
b. Refrain from using "this patch" and "we".
c. Restructuring and enhancing information on the real reason for
using Enhanced IBRS as the default spectre V2 mitigation technique.
2. Remove "ibrs_enhanced" feature string as its not needed.
3. Remove unnecessary WARN_ON_ONCE().
4. Add explicit wrmsrl() after setting IBRS bit in x86_spec_ctrl_base.
Changes from V1 to V2:
1. Explicitly spell out in the change log, the reason for using Enhanced
IBRS as the default spectre V2 mitigation technique instead of Retpoline.
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
index 5701f5cecd31..568fa20254f7 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@
#define X86_FEATURE_IBPB ( 7*32+26) /* Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier */
#define X86_FEATURE_STIBP ( 7*32+27) /* Single Thread Indirect Branch Predictors */
#define X86_FEATURE_ZEN ( 7*32+28) /* "" CPU is AMD family 0x17 (Zen) */
+#define X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED ( 7*32+29) /* Enhanced IBRS */
/* Virtualization flags: Linux defined, word 8 */
#define X86_FEATURE_TPR_SHADOW ( 8*32+ 0) /* Intel TPR Shadow */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
index f6f6c63da62f..fd2a8c1b88bc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ enum spectre_v2_mitigation {
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_MINIMAL_AMD,
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_GENERIC,
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_AMD,
- SPECTRE_V2_IBRS,
+ SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED,
};
/* The Speculative Store Bypass disable variants */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
index 5c0ea39311fe..4e4be8512a77 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ static const char *spectre_v2_strings[] = {
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_MINIMAL_AMD] = "Vulnerable: Minimal AMD ASM retpoline",
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_GENERIC] = "Mitigation: Full generic retpoline",
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_AMD] = "Mitigation: Full AMD retpoline",
+ [SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED] = "Mitigation: Enhanced IBRS",
};
#undef pr_fmt
@@ -349,6 +350,8 @@ static void __init spectre_v2_select_mitigation(void)
case SPECTRE_V2_CMD_FORCE:
case SPECTRE_V2_CMD_AUTO:
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED))
+ goto skip_retpoline_enable_ibrs;
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RETPOLINE))
goto retpoline_auto;
break;
@@ -385,7 +388,16 @@ static void __init spectre_v2_select_mitigation(void)
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_MINIMAL;
setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE);
}
+ goto enable_other_mitigations;
+skip_retpoline_enable_ibrs:
+ mode = SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED;
+
+ /* Ensure SPEC_CTRL_IBRS is set after VMEXIT from a guest */
+ x86_spec_ctrl_base |= SPEC_CTRL_IBRS;
+ wrmsrl(MSR_IA32_SPEC_CTRL, x86_spec_ctrl_base);
+
+enable_other_mitigations:
spectre_v2_enabled = mode;
pr_info("%s\n", spectre_v2_strings[mode]);
@@ -415,9 +427,16 @@ static void __init spectre_v2_select_mitigation(void)
/*
* Retpoline means the kernel is safe because it has no indirect
- * branches. But firmware isn't, so use IBRS to protect that.
+ * branches. Enhanced IBRS protects firmware too, so, enable restricted
+ * speculation around firmware calls only when Enhanced IBRS isn't
+ * supported.
+ *
+ * Use "mode" to check Enhanced IBRS instead of boot_cpu_has(), because
+ * the user might select retpoline on the kernel command line and if
+ * the CPU supports Enhanced IBRS, kernel might un-intentionally not
+ * enable IBRS around firmware calls.
*/
- if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS)) {
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS) && mode != SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED) {
setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_USE_IBRS_FW);
pr_info("Enabling Restricted Speculation for firmware calls\n");
}
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
index eb4cb3efd20e..8ed73a46511f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
@@ -1005,6 +1005,9 @@ static void __init cpu_set_bug_bits(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
!cpu_has(c, X86_FEATURE_AMD_SSB_NO))
setup_force_cpu_bug(X86_BUG_SPEC_STORE_BYPASS);
+ if (ia32_cap & ARCH_CAP_IBRS_ALL)
+ setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED);
+
if (x86_match_cpu(cpu_no_meltdown))
return;
--
2.7.4
Commit-ID: 706d51681d636a0c4a5ef53395ec3b803e45ed4d
Gitweb: https://git.kernel.org/tip/706d51681d636a0c4a5ef53395ec3b803e45ed4d
Author: Sai Praneeth <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Wed, 1 Aug 2018 11:42:25 -0700
Committer: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
CommitDate: Fri, 3 Aug 2018 12:50:34 +0200
x86/speculation: Support Enhanced IBRS on future CPUs
Future Intel processors will support "Enhanced IBRS" which is an "always
on" mode i.e. IBRS bit in SPEC_CTRL MSR is enabled once and never
disabled.
From the specification [1]:
"With enhanced IBRS, the predicted targets of indirect branches
executed cannot be controlled by software that was executed in a less
privileged predictor mode or on another logical processor. As a
result, software operating on a processor with enhanced IBRS need not
use WRMSR to set IA32_SPEC_CTRL.IBRS after every transition to a more
privileged predictor mode. Software can isolate predictor modes
effectively simply by setting the bit once. Software need not disable
enhanced IBRS prior to entering a sleep state such as MWAIT or HLT."
If Enhanced IBRS is supported by the processor then use it as the
preferred spectre v2 mitigation mechanism instead of Retpoline. Intel's
Retpoline white paper [2] states:
"Retpoline is known to be an effective branch target injection (Spectre
variant 2) mitigation on Intel processors belonging to family 6
(enumerated by the CPUID instruction) that do not have support for
enhanced IBRS. On processors that support enhanced IBRS, it should be
used for mitigation instead of retpoline."
The reason why Enhanced IBRS is the recommended mitigation on processors
which support it is that these processors also support CET which
provides a defense against ROP attacks. Retpoline is very similar to ROP
techniques and might trigger false positives in the CET defense.
If Enhanced IBRS is selected as the mitigation technique for spectre v2,
the IBRS bit in SPEC_CTRL MSR is set once at boot time and never
cleared. Kernel also has to make sure that IBRS bit remains set after
VMEXIT because the guest might have cleared the bit. This is already
covered by the existing x86_spec_ctrl_set_guest() and
x86_spec_ctrl_restore_host() speculation control functions.
Enhanced IBRS still requires IBPB for full mitigation.
[1] Speculative-Execution-Side-Channel-Mitigations.pdf
[2] Retpoline-A-Branch-Target-Injection-Mitigation.pdf
Both documents are available at:
https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=199511
Originally-by: David Woodhouse <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sai Praneeth Prakhya <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <[email protected]>
Cc: Tim C Chen <[email protected]>
Cc: Dave Hansen <[email protected]>
Cc: Ravi Shankar <[email protected]>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[email protected]
---
arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h | 1 +
arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h | 1 +
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c | 20 ++++++++++++++++++--
arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c | 3 +++
4 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
index 5701f5cecd31..2687cd8e8d58 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@
#define X86_FEATURE_IBPB ( 7*32+26) /* Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier */
#define X86_FEATURE_STIBP ( 7*32+27) /* Single Thread Indirect Branch Predictors */
#define X86_FEATURE_ZEN ( 7*32+28) /* "" CPU is AMD family 0x17 (Zen) */
+#define X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED ( 7*32+29) /* Enhanced IBRS */
/* Virtualization flags: Linux defined, word 8 */
#define X86_FEATURE_TPR_SHADOW ( 8*32+ 0) /* Intel TPR Shadow */
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
index c99082e2ef13..fd2a8c1b88bc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/nospec-branch.h
@@ -214,6 +214,7 @@ enum spectre_v2_mitigation {
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_MINIMAL_AMD,
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_GENERIC,
SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_AMD,
+ SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED,
};
/* The Speculative Store Bypass disable variants */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
index bc8c43b22460..405a9a61bb89 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/bugs.c
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ static const char *spectre_v2_strings[] = {
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_MINIMAL_AMD] = "Vulnerable: Minimal AMD ASM retpoline",
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_GENERIC] = "Mitigation: Full generic retpoline",
[SPECTRE_V2_RETPOLINE_AMD] = "Mitigation: Full AMD retpoline",
+ [SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED] = "Mitigation: Enhanced IBRS",
};
#undef pr_fmt
@@ -332,6 +333,13 @@ static void __init spectre_v2_select_mitigation(void)
case SPECTRE_V2_CMD_FORCE:
case SPECTRE_V2_CMD_AUTO:
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED)) {
+ mode = SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED;
+ /* Force it so VMEXIT will restore correctly */
+ x86_spec_ctrl_base |= SPEC_CTRL_IBRS;
+ wrmsrl(MSR_IA32_SPEC_CTRL, x86_spec_ctrl_base);
+ goto specv2_set_mode;
+ }
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_RETPOLINE))
goto retpoline_auto;
break;
@@ -369,6 +377,7 @@ retpoline_auto:
setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_RETPOLINE);
}
+specv2_set_mode:
spectre_v2_enabled = mode;
pr_info("%s\n", spectre_v2_strings[mode]);
@@ -391,9 +400,16 @@ retpoline_auto:
/*
* Retpoline means the kernel is safe because it has no indirect
- * branches. But firmware isn't, so use IBRS to protect that.
+ * branches. Enhanced IBRS protects firmware too, so, enable restricted
+ * speculation around firmware calls only when Enhanced IBRS isn't
+ * supported.
+ *
+ * Use "mode" to check Enhanced IBRS instead of boot_cpu_has(), because
+ * the user might select retpoline on the kernel command line and if
+ * the CPU supports Enhanced IBRS, kernel might un-intentionally not
+ * enable IBRS around firmware calls.
*/
- if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS)) {
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_IBRS) && mode != SPECTRE_V2_IBRS_ENHANCED) {
setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_USE_IBRS_FW);
pr_info("Enabling Restricted Speculation for firmware calls\n");
}
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
index 43a927eb9c09..df28e931d732 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c
@@ -1005,6 +1005,9 @@ static void __init cpu_set_bug_bits(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c)
!cpu_has(c, X86_FEATURE_AMD_SSB_NO))
setup_force_cpu_bug(X86_BUG_SPEC_STORE_BYPASS);
+ if (ia32_cap & ARCH_CAP_IBRS_ALL)
+ setup_force_cpu_cap(X86_FEATURE_IBRS_ENHANCED);
+
if (x86_match_cpu(cpu_no_meltdown))
return;