2007-06-10 11:56:35

by Tsugikazu Shibata

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Hi all,

I am posting Documentation/HOWTO which is translated into Japanese at
bottom of this email.
This document had been reviewed by JF project which has long history
to translate documents into Japanese. (not only kernel but also FAQs).
For JF, please see : http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/index.html
Please also note that the page is written in Japanese, but you can see
a lot of results there.

Actually, this is my first trial to post Japanese translated document
and here are some points I decided ;

- Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
using Japanese.
- Added "Singed-off-by" line
- Left the JF header strings which include translator/reviewer's name
- Non-patch format, simple text

I would be happy if I could get your comments and suggestions.
Though I know there are several issues to merge it, I want to have
discussions with you to accomplish it.

This email comes from strong recommendation from Greg K-H when he came
to Tokyo two weeks ago. Thanks >Greg

----- Below lines are Japanese Translation of "HOWTO" -----

Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
---
==================================
$B$3$l$O!"(B
linux-2.6.21/Documentation/HOWTO
$B$NOBLu$G$9!#(B

$BK]LuCDBN!'(B JF $B%W%m%8%'%/%H(B < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
$BK]LuF|!'(B 2007/06/04
$BK]Lu<T!'(B Tsugikazu Shibata <tshibata at ab dot jp dot nec dot com>
$B9;@5<T!'(B $B>>AR$5$s(B <nbh--mats at nifty dot com>
$B>.NS(B $B2mE5$5$s(B (Masanori Kobayasi) <zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp>
$BIp0f?-8w$5$s!"(B<takei at webmasters dot gr dot jp>
$B$+$M$3$5$s(B (Seiji Kaneko) <skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp>
$BLn8}$5$s(B (Kenji Noguchi) <tokyo246 at gmail dot com>
$B2OFb$5$s(B (Takayoshi Kochi) <t-kochi at bq dot jp dot nec dot com>
$B4dK\$5$s(B (iwamoto) <iwamoto.kn at ncos dot nec dot co dot jp>
==================================

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"The Perfect Patch"
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"Linux kernel patch submission format"
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Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
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Documentation/applying-patches.txt
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http://kernelnewbies.org

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"The Perfect Patch"
http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt

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$B$8$H$3$m$+$i%9%?!<%H$7$?$N$G$9$+$i!#(B

Paolo Ciarrocchi $B$K46<U!"H`$OH`$N=q$$$?(B "Development Process"
(http://linux.tar.bz/articles/2.6-development_process)$B%;%/%7%g(B
$B%s$r$3$N%F%-%9%H$N867?$K$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
Rundy Dunlap $B$H(B Gerrit Huizenga $B$O%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$G$d$k$Y$-$3$H$H$d$C(B
$B$F$O$$$1$J$$$3$H$N%j%9%H$rDs6!$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
$B0J2<$N?M!9$N%l%S%e!<!"%3%a%s%H!"9W8%$K46<U!#(B
Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, $B$H(B Alex Shepard
$BH`$i$N;Y1g$J$7$G$O!"$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O$G$-$J$+$C$?$G$7$g$&!#(B

Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>


2007-06-10 12:10:43

by Munehiro Ikeda

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: [RFD] Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt translated into Japanese

This is Japanese translation of "stable_api_nonsense.txt",
which is based on the same motivation of Tsugikazu Shibata.

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Below lines are Japanese Translation of "stable_api_nonsense.txt"
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Signed-off-by: IKEDA, Munehiro <[email protected]>
---
==================================
$B$3$l$O!"(B
linux-2.6.19/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt $B$NOBLu(B
$B$G$9!#(B
$BK]LuCDBN!'(B JF $B%W%m%8%'%/%H(B < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
$BK]LuF|(B $B!'(B 2006/12/3
$B86Cx:n<T(B: Greg Kroah-Hartman < greg at kroah dot com >
$BK]Lu<T(B $B!'(B $BCSED(B $B=!9-(B < m-ikeda at ds dot jp dot nec dot com >
$B9;@5<T(B $B!'(B Masanori Kobayashi $B$5$s(B < zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp >
Seiji Kaneko $B$5$s(B < skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp >
==================================



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Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg at kroah dot com>


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$B%9$NBEEv@-$r%F%9%H$9$k$3$H$OIT2DG=$H8@$C$F$$$$$@$m$&!K(B



$B$3$l$+$i2?$r$9$Y$-$+(B
-----------------------

$B$G$O!"$b$7%a%$%s$N%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$K4^$^$l$J$$(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k%I%i%$(B
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$B>o$K%S%k%I2DG=$G$-$A$s$HF0:n$9$k%I%i%$%P$r<j$KF~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#(B


$B%I%i%$%P$r%a%$%s$N%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$KF~$l$k$H!"Hs>o$K9%$^$7$$0J2<$N8z(B
$B2L$,$"$k!#(B
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$BA4$F$N(B Linux $B%G%#%9%H%j%S%e!<%7%g%s$K<+F0E*$K4^$^$l$F%j%j!<%9(B
$B$5$l$k!#(B


Linux $B$G$O!"B>$N$I$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$h$j$b?tB?$/$N%G%P%$%9(B
$B$,!V$=$N$^$^!W;HMQ$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!#$^$?(B Linux $B$O!"$I$N%*%Z%l!<(B
$B%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$h$j$b?tB?$/$N%W%m%;%C%5%"!<%-%F%/%A%c>e$G$=$l$i$N(B
$B%G%P%$%9$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$b$J$C$?!#$3$N$h$&$K!"(BLinux $B$N(B
$B3+H/%b%G%k$O<B>Z$5$l$F$*$j!":#8e$b4V0c$$$J$/@5$7$$J}8~$X$H?J$s$G$$(B
$B$/$@$m$&!#(B:)



------

$B$3$NJ8=q$N=i4|$NAp9F$KBP$7!"(BRandy Dunlap, Andrew Morton, David
Brownell, Hanna Linder, Robert Love, Nishanth Aravamudan $B$+$i::FI(B
$B$H=u8@$rD:$-$^$7$?!#46<U?=$7>e$2$^$9!#(B




2007-06-10 12:23:46

by Jan Engelhardt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt translated into Japanese


On Jun 10 2007 21:03, IKEDA Munehiro wrote:
>
>This is Japanese translation of "stable_api_nonsense.txt",
>which is based on the same motivation of Tsugikazu Shibata.

Sweet! But could we have it in UTF-8?




Jan
--

2007-06-10 12:24:59

by Jesper Juhl

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On 10/06/07, Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]> wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> I am posting Documentation/HOWTO which is translated into Japanese at
> bottom of this email.

Good job. I'm sure a lot of japanese people will appreciate that.

> This document had been reviewed by JF project which has long history
> to translate documents into Japanese. (not only kernel but also FAQs).
> For JF, please see : http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/index.html
> Please also note that the page is written in Japanese, but you can see
> a lot of results there.
>
> Actually, this is my first trial to post Japanese translated document
> and here are some points I decided ;
>
> - Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
> using Japanese.

I think there's consensus that documents in the kernel source should
be either plain ASCII or UTF-8 (doesn't UTF-8 work for japanese?).

> - Added "Singed-off-by" line
> - Left the JF header strings which include translator/reviewer's name
> - Non-patch format, simple text
>
> I would be happy if I could get your comments and suggestions.
> Though I know there are several issues to merge it, I want to have
> discussions with you to accomplish it.
>
> This email comes from strong recommendation from Greg K-H when he came
> to Tokyo two weeks ago. Thanks >Greg
>
> ----- Below lines are Japanese Translation of "HOWTO" -----
>
> Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> ---

Unfortunately I don't speak japanese so I can't say anything about the
translation at all, but I do have some other comments/questions.

If we start adding translated versions of documentation to the kernel
source how should we organize the documents? Should each language get
a sepperate directory in Documentation/ - like Documentation/JP/,
Documentation/EN/, Documentation/DA/ etc?

With multiple translated versions of the documentation in the tree,
don't we run the risk that the translations will quickly become
outdated since most people updating the documentation won't be able to
update the translations?

Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.


--
Jesper Juhl <[email protected]>
Don't top-post http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/T/top-post.html
Plain text mails only, please http://www.expita.com/nomime.html

2007-06-10 12:29:53

by Jan Engelhardt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese


On Jun 10 2007 14:24, Jesper Juhl wrote:
>
> If we start adding translated versions of documentation to the kernel
> source how should we organize the documents? Should each language get
> a sepperate directory in Documentation/ - like Documentation/JP/,
> Documentation/EN/, Documentation/DA/ etc?

I'd prefer the 'standardized' "ja_JP", "en_US", "de_DE", "nb_NO", etc.
as names.

> With multiple translated versions of the documentation in the tree,
> don't we run the risk that the translations will quickly become
> outdated since most people updating the documentation won't be able to
> update the translations?

What's more, the kernel tarball grows and grows :(



Jan
--

2007-06-10 14:28:45

by Munehiro Ikeda

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Jesper Juhl wrote:
>> - Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
>> using Japanese.
>
>
> I think there's consensus that documents in the kernel source should
> be either plain ASCII or UTF-8 (doesn't UTF-8 work for japanese?).

Oh really?
UTF-8 works even for Japanese. Thank you and Jan for the suggestion.

> If we start adding translated versions of documentation to the kernel
> source how should we organize the documents? Should each language get
> a sepperate directory in Documentation/ - like Documentation/JP/,
> Documentation/EN/, Documentation/DA/ etc?
>
> With multiple translated versions of the documentation in the tree,
> don't we run the risk that the translations will quickly become
> outdated since most people updating the documentation won't be able to
> update the translations?
>
> Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.

Yes, that's the point.

At least for Japanese, there is a great activity "JF" as Tsugikazu
Shibata mentioned. It is a separate project from the tree, and it often
happens that some documentations are outdated. If we could merge them,
they could be kept up-to-date IMHO.
But, on the other hand, it is fact that kernel tar ball would bloat.

Your opinion above as "creating official space in kernel.org and putting
pointer in Documentation" seems good for me.

Hmm...

--
IKEDA, Munehiro

2007-06-10 16:20:20

by Greg KH

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 02:24:51PM +0200, Jesper Juhl wrote:
> On 10/06/07, Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]> wrote:
> > Hi all,
> >
> > I am posting Documentation/HOWTO which is translated into Japanese at
> > bottom of this email.

Great, thanks for posting this and doing the work.

> > This document had been reviewed by JF project which has long history
> > to translate documents into Japanese. (not only kernel but also FAQs).
> > For JF, please see : http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/index.html
> > Please also note that the page is written in Japanese, but you can see
> > a lot of results there.
> >
> > Actually, this is my first trial to post Japanese translated document
> > and here are some points I decided ;
> >
> > - Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
> > using Japanese.
>
> I think there's consensus that documents in the kernel source should
> be either plain ASCII or UTF-8 (doesn't UTF-8 work for japanese?).

Is it hard to convert it to UTF-8?

> > - Added "Singed-off-by" line
> > - Left the JF header strings which include translator/reviewer's name
> > - Non-patch format, simple text
> >
> > I would be happy if I could get your comments and suggestions.
> > Though I know there are several issues to merge it, I want to have
> > discussions with you to accomplish it.
> >
> > This email comes from strong recommendation from Greg K-H when he came
> > to Tokyo two weeks ago. Thanks >Greg
> >
> > ----- Below lines are Japanese Translation of "HOWTO" -----
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> > ---
>
> Unfortunately I don't speak japanese so I can't say anything about the
> translation at all, but I do have some other comments/questions.
>
> If we start adding translated versions of documentation to the kernel
> source how should we organize the documents? Should each language get
> a sepperate directory in Documentation/ - like Documentation/JP/,
> Documentation/EN/, Documentation/DA/ etc?
>
> With multiple translated versions of the documentation in the tree,
> don't we run the risk that the translations will quickly become
> outdated since most people updating the documentation won't be able to
> update the translations?

That's up to the people maintaining the translations to do.

> Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.

No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
the space :)

thanks,

greg k-h

2007-06-10 16:38:20

by Tsugikazu Shibata

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, 10 Jun 2007 09:22:21 -0700, gregkh wrote:
> On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 02:24:51PM +0200, Jesper Juhl wrote:
> > On 10/06/07, Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]> wrote:

> > > Actually, this is my first trial to post Japanese translated document
> > > and here are some points I decided ;
> > >
> > > - Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
> > > using Japanese.
> >
> > I think there's consensus that documents in the kernel source should
> > be either plain ASCII or UTF-8 (doesn't UTF-8 work for japanese?).
>
> Is it hard to convert it to UTF-8?

NO, it's easy.

iconv -f ISO-2022-JP -t UTF-8 <infile >outfile

We are usually using ISO-2022-JP for email exchange and if anyone
would comment on my document, this is better I believe.
For documentation purpose, I agree with UTF-8.

Thanks,
Tsugikazu Shibata

2007-06-10 16:46:26

by Jan Engelhardt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese


On Jun 11 2007 01:34, Tsugikazu Shibata wrote:
>
>We are usually using ISO-2022-JP for email exchange and if anyone
>would comment on my document,

well I can't! Not sure if this is a flaw in pine, but all I get is
[hexcode][hexcode][hexcode] and a bit of 7bit throughout.
EUC-JP and UTF-8 are no problem though. *shrug*



Jan
--

2007-06-10 17:01:24

by Alistair John Strachan

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt translated into Japanese

On Sunday 10 June 2007 13:03:15 you wrote:
> $BLuCm(B(2)
> $B!V0z2P@-$N9b$$!W$N86J8$O(B "valatile"$B!#(B
> valatile $B$K$O!V4xH/@-$N!W!VGzH/$7$d$9$$!W$H$$$&0UL#$NB>!"!VJQ$o$j(B
> $B$d$9$$!W!V0\$j5$$J!W$H$$$&0UL#$,$"$k!#(B
> $B!V!J$3$NOCBj$O!KGzH/E*$K7c$7$$O@Ah$r4,$-5/$3$7$+$M$J$$!W$H$$$&$3$H(B
> $B$r!"!V!J%+!<%M%k$N%=!<%9%l%Y%k%$%s%?!<%U%'!<%9$O!K0\$m$$9T$/$b$N$G(B
> $B$"$k!W$H$$$&$3$H$rO"A[$5$;$k(B "valatile" $B$H$$$&C18l$GI=8=$7$F$$$k!#(B

Not speaking Japanese, I'm probably missing some fundamental translation
issue, but the English word is "volatile", not "valatile".

--
Cheers,
Alistair.

Final year Computer Science undergraduate.
1F2 55 South Clerk Street, Edinburgh, UK.

2007-06-10 17:51:35

by Sam Ravnborg

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 09:22:21AM -0700, Greg KH wrote:
> > Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> > personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> > tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> > authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> > contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> > seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> > according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> > people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> > to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
>
> No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> the space :)

We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.

I advocated that they should stay out back then.
But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.

Any opinion about the .po files?

Sam

2007-06-10 18:23:47

by Matthias Schniedermeyer

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Greg KH wrote:
> On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 02:24:51PM +0200, Jesper Juhl wrote:
>> Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
>> personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
>> tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
>> authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
>> contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
>> seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
>> according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
>> people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
>> to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
>
> No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> the space :)

Frankly i don't see the difference between this and the annual reoccurring "why can't the kernel messages be localized" discussion.
(Which is a little overdue, but maybe this replaces it this time.)

I could see the point in ONE "HOWTO" file per language to get people started, but everything else is a pointless exercise.
A developer/bug-reporter has to be able to express him-/herself in English and understand English, otherwise you can not accomplish very much.

All the points of the localized-messages discussion:
- You have to have a common language, otherwise you can't communicate.
- The translation will per definition be out of sync
- Translations tend to introduce (translation-)errors
- ...
also apply here.

A little anecdote:
Very Long ago (last millennium i think) SuSE defaulted to a german translated kernel for one release of their distribution. (And optionally for a few more)
But even though i'm german i couldn't understand a single word.


And here is the FAQ-Entry about the annually reoccurring discussion:
http://www.tux.org/lkml/#s9-16





Bis denn

--
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.

2007-06-10 18:35:19

by Jan Engelhardt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]


On Jun 10 2007 19:52, Sam Ravnborg wrote:
>> > Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
>> > personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
>> > tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
>> > authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
>> > contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
>> > seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
>> > according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
>> > people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
>> > to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
>>
>> No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
>> the space :)
>
>We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
>the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
>
>I advocated that they should stay out back then.
>But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
>having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
>
>Any opinion about the .po files?

Like with translated doc, they might get out of date easily.


Jan
--

2007-06-10 19:02:09

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On 06/10/2007 07:52 PM, Sam Ravnborg wrote:

> We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
> the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
>
> I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
>
> Any opinion about the .po files?

From me, the same opinion as about any and all internationalized content in
the tree -- please don't.

All that stuff only serves to multiply the speed at which a fixed percentage
of content obsoletes itself. When it's still new and shiny, sure, stuff will
get translated but in no time at all it'll become a fragmented mess which
nobody ever feels right about removing because that would be anti-social to
all those poor non-english speaking kernel hackers out there.

In current effect, English is the language of the linux kernel. Its messages
are in English, most or all of the useful information available on it is in
English, its developers communicate in (some semblance of) English...

More importantly even than any current practical situation though it seems
this should also be how people should try to keep things. I'm not a native
English speaker myself but English serves well as a common language among
all us non-native speakers. I really do not so much want to have to learn
more languages well enough to be able to understand technical discussions
about operating system kernels in them still.

America is obviously historically (for a sufficiently short value of
history) the main supplier/originator of computer software and as such,
using English is often seen as something that needs to be fixed upon
expansion but this is wrong. Please do not for a minute believe that
internationalization is doing anyone a favour.

I know all about constantly translating computer terminology back and forth
when a non-computer savvy friend asks something in the context of his/her
Dutch language copy of Windows.

Internationalization is sometimes _neccessary_ (those same windows desktops)
simply because the result needs to be used by people that you don't want to
have to expect to be able to use English (because you'd limit your market)
and things like adopting a character set that allows people to write down
their names is obviously wonderful but generally internationalization only
fragments.

RESIST! UNITE!

Rene.

2007-06-10 19:03:50

by Sam Ravnborg

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 08:35:03PM +0200, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
> >> No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> >> the space :)
> >
> >We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
> >the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
> >
> >I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> >But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> >having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
> >
> >Any opinion about the .po files?
>
> Like with translated doc, they might get out of date easily.

The difference here is that with .po files we have tools
to report the actual translation status.
And having the .po files included in the source makes it
much easier to use the latest versions.

The Linux Kernel Translation Project
http://tlktp.sourceforge.net/
have nice statisitcs for the different translations.

Italian is 100% followed by Hungarian with almost 70%.
We have a number of dedicated people, so why not
make the works available to more users by including it
in the kernel.

I trust the tlktp people enough that we will not see patches
for the language with less than ~5% translated strings.

I would assume that Japanese soon get higher btw - there
is quite a number of people listed as translators.

Sam

2007-06-10 19:43:15

by Diego Calleja

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

El Sun, 10 Jun 2007 19:52:28 +0200, Sam Ravnborg <[email protected]> escribi?:

> I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
>
> Any opinion about the .po files?

These days the configuration menus are not something that users need to
read, they're more like a developer tool. IMO there's not much value in it,
because the people who read it already know english most of the times.

2007-06-10 21:17:00

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On 06/10/2007 08:58 PM, Rene Herman wrote:

> RESIST! UNITE!

Stick a ";-)" on that, by the way...

Rene.

2007-06-10 22:09:17

by Matt Mackall

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 08:48:45PM +0900, Tsugikazu Shibata wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> I am posting Documentation/HOWTO which is translated into Japanese at
> bottom of this email.
> This document had been reviewed by JF project which has long history
> to translate documents into Japanese. (not only kernel but also FAQs).
> For JF, please see : http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/index.html
> Please also note that the page is written in Japanese, but you can see
> a lot of results there.
>
> Actually, this is my first trial to post Japanese translated document
> and here are some points I decided ;
>
> - Character encoding is ISO-2022-JP, which is normally used for email
> using Japanese.
> - Added "Singed-off-by" line
> - Left the JF header strings which include translator/reviewer's name
> - Non-patch format, simple text
>
> I would be happy if I could get your comments and suggestions.
> Though I know there are several issues to merge it, I want to have
> discussions with you to accomplish it.
>
> This email comes from strong recommendation from Greg K-H when he came
> to Tokyo two weeks ago. Thanks >Greg

This is a great idea, thanks.

What I'm not clear on is where this is intended to go?

The below isn't a patch, so if it's intended to live on a website
rather than in the kernel tarball, great. We probably want a link from
the in-kernel HOWTO to that website.

If it is intended to live in the kernel tarball, I'm not sure that's a
good idea. There are a number of languages we could consider
translating these and other documents into.

--
Mathematics is the supreme nostalgia of our time.

2007-06-10 22:14:09

by Matt Mackall

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 08:35:03PM +0200, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
>
> On Jun 10 2007 19:52, Sam Ravnborg wrote:
> >> > Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> >> > personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> >> > tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> >> > authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> >> > contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> >> > seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> >> > according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> >> > people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> >> > to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
> >>
> >> No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> >> the space :)
> >
> >We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
> >the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
> >
> >I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> >But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> >having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
> >
> >Any opinion about the .po files?
>
> Like with translated doc, they might get out of date easily.

Well, if for each document you translate, you record what revision you
translated (git hash or kernel release), it's fairly easy to generate
diffs and know what changes need to be translated.

I don't think keeping the translations of Documentation/ in the kernel
tree eases this significantly though.

--
Mathematics is the supreme nostalgia of our time.

2007-06-10 23:59:19

by Denys Vlasenko

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sunday 10 June 2007 20:58, Rene Herman wrote:
> All that stuff only serves to multiply the speed at which a fixed percentage
> of content obsoletes itself. When it's still new and shiny, sure, stuff will
> get translated but in no time at all it'll become a fragmented mess which
> nobody ever feels right about removing because that would be anti-social to
> all those poor non-english speaking kernel hackers out there.

I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
to know English in order to participate in l-k development.
They should be able to read _and_ reply_ to lkml posts,
and read and understnd code _and_ comments_.

Those who cannot participate in development because they don't
know English, won't get much help from some bits of semi-obsolete
Documentation/* being available. Ok, they will read it, then what?
How they are supposed to read the code? Write email? etc...

There is only one practical solution: learn the language.

It's not about *English* per se. It just happened so historically
that CS has originated in English speaking countries.

BTW, I learned it by reading sci-fi (Asimov's Foundation was the first thing),
and then lkml. :)
--
vda

2007-06-11 00:14:31

by Adrian Bunk

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 01:59:00AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:
> On Sunday 10 June 2007 20:58, Rene Herman wrote:
> > All that stuff only serves to multiply the speed at which a fixed percentage
> > of content obsoletes itself. When it's still new and shiny, sure, stuff will
> > get translated but in no time at all it'll become a fragmented mess which
> > nobody ever feels right about removing because that would be anti-social to
> > all those poor non-english speaking kernel hackers out there.
>
> I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
> to know English in order to participate in l-k development.
> They should be able to read _and_ reply_ to lkml posts,
> and read and understnd code _and_ comments_.
>...

Kconfig is different since the target audience and the majority of users
are not kernel developers.

> vda

cu
Adrian

--

"Is there not promise of rain?" Ling Tan asked suddenly out
of the darkness. There had been need of rain for many days.
"Only a promise," Lao Er said.
Pearl S. Buck - Dragon Seed

2007-06-11 00:21:52

by Adrian Bunk

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 09:41:38PM +0200, Diego Calleja wrote:
> El Sun, 10 Jun 2007 19:52:28 +0200, Sam Ravnborg <[email protected]> escribió:
>
> > I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> > But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> > having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
> >
> > Any opinion about the .po files?
>
> These days the configuration menus are not something that users need to
> read, they're more like a developer tool. IMO there's not much value in it,
> because the people who read it already know english most of the times.

The majority of Kconfig users are _not_ kernel developers.

There are many different reasons why people compile their own kernel,
and "sysadmin who knows his hardware and the filesystems of his disks"
is really sufficient for compiling your own kernel.

Whether non-English Kconfig texts are important might be a question, but
if there are people doing the translation work there's no problem with
it.

cu
Adrian

--

"Is there not promise of rain?" Ling Tan asked suddenly out
of the darkness. There had been need of rain for many days.
"Only a promise," Lao Er said.
Pearl S. Buck - Dragon Seed

2007-06-11 00:25:20

by Adrian Bunk

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 06:46:17PM +0200, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
>
> On Jun 11 2007 01:34, Tsugikazu Shibata wrote:
> >
> >We are usually using ISO-2022-JP for email exchange and if anyone
> >would comment on my document,
>
> well I can't! Not sure if this is a flaw in pine, but all I get is
> [hexcode][hexcode][hexcode] and a bit of 7bit throughout.
> EUC-JP and UTF-8 are no problem though. *shrug*

It's correctly displayed with alpine 0.99 - you might consider upgrading?

> Jan

cu
Adrian

--

"Is there not promise of rain?" Ling Tan asked suddenly out
of the darkness. There had been need of rain for many days.
"Only a promise," Lao Er said.
Pearl S. Buck - Dragon Seed

2007-06-11 00:29:51

by Adrian Bunk

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 07:52:28PM +0200, Sam Ravnborg wrote:
> On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 09:22:21AM -0700, Greg KH wrote:
> > > Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> > > personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> > > tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> > > authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> > > contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> > > seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> > > according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> > > people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> > > to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
> >
> > No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> > the space :)
>
> We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
> the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
>
> I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
>
> Any opinion about the .po files?

Why not (if there are people willing to do the translation work).

The only thing I consider important is that this doesn't imply any kind
of string freeze at some time prior to a release (but .po updates
through -stable shouldn't be a problem).

> Sam

cu
Adrian

--

"Is there not promise of rain?" Ling Tan asked suddenly out
of the darkness. There had been need of rain for many days.
"Only a promise," Lao Er said.
Pearl S. Buck - Dragon Seed

2007-06-11 00:57:42

by Paul Mundt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 01:59:00AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:
> On Sunday 10 June 2007 20:58, Rene Herman wrote:
> > All that stuff only serves to multiply the speed at which a fixed
> > percentage of content obsoletes itself. When it's still new and
> > shiny, sure, stuff will get translated but in no time at all it'll
> > become a fragmented mess which nobody ever feels right about removing
> > because that would be anti-social to all those poor non-english
> > speaking kernel hackers out there.
>
> I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
> to know English in order to participate in l-k development.

That's a ridiculous statement. Non-native language abilities and
technical competence have very little to do with each other. People have
to understand the code and figure out what it is that they want to
change. As long as this is done cleanly and the intent is obvious,
language doesn't even factor in beyond the Signed-off-by tag. Explanation
is necessary from time to time, but it really depends on the area in
which someone is working. If it's a complicated and involved change, then
of course it takes a bit more effort on both sides, but that doesn't
invalidate the importance or necessity of the work.

> They should be able to read _and_ reply_ to lkml posts,
> and read and understnd code _and_ comments_.
>
> Those who cannot participate in development because they don't
> know English, won't get much help from some bits of semi-obsolete
> Documentation/* being available. Ok, they will read it, then what?
> How they are supposed to read the code? Write email? etc...
>
It's arguable whether those that know English well derive any benefit
from semi-obsolete Documentation/* files either. One could speculate that
not being able to read semi-obsolete documentation and being forced to
read the code is actually more productive ;-)

Besides, Kconfig localization is more for the end users than the
developers anyways. I certainly don't see any problem with this, the more
people eyeballing the documentation, the easier it is to find out areas
where we're lacking or that are simply wrong.

> There is only one practical solution: learn the language.
>
I suggest you step outside of your box and spend more time working with
people who speak little to none of the languages you understand.

2007-06-11 01:35:12

by Munehiro Ikeda

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt translated into Japanese

Alistair John Strachan wrote:
> On Sunday 10 June 2007 13:03:15 you wrote:
>
>>$BLuCm(B(2)
>>$B!V0z2P@-$N9b$$!W$N86J8$O(B "valatile"$B!#(B
>>valatile $B$K$O!V4xH/@-$N!W!VGzH/$7$d$9$$!W$H$$$&0UL#$NB>!"!VJQ$o$j(B
>>$B$d$9$$!W!V0\$j5$$J!W$H$$$&0UL#$,$"$k!#(B
>>$B!V!J$3$NOCBj$O!KGzH/E*$K7c$7$$O@Ah$r4,$-5/$3$7$+$M$J$$!W$H$$$&$3$H(B
>>$B$r!"!V!J%+!<%M%k$N%=!<%9%l%Y%k%$%s%?!<%U%'!<%9$O!K0\$m$$9T$/$b$N$G(B
>>$B$"$k!W$H$$$&$3$H$rO"A[$5$;$k(B "valatile" $B$H$$$&C18l$GI=8=$7$F$$$k!#(B
>
>
> Not speaking Japanese, I'm probably missing some fundamental translation
> issue, but the English word is "volatile", not "valatile".

This is a translation note for the "volatile" which is used as a
double-meaning word in original.
"valatile" is my mistake to spell, wrong spelling 3 times...sorry.


--
IKEDA, Munehiro

2007-06-11 02:55:28

by Kamezawa Hiroyuki

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese


Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.

BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
==
This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
JF project if you find problems in translation.

It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any
additional information, sentences. If you want to update "HOWTO", please update
English version first. Don't fork from original if you update this file.

Last Updated: 2007/06/04 Version: 2.6.21
==

not worth writing ?

-Kame





On Sun, 10 Jun 2007 20:48:45 +0900 (JST)
Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]> wrote:

> ----- Below lines are Japanese Translation of "HOWTO" -----
>
> Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> ---
> ==================================
> $B$3$l$O!"(B
> linux-2.6.21/Documentation/HOWTO
> $B$NOBLu$G$9!#(B
>
> $BK]LuCDBN!'(B JF $B%W%m%8%'%/%H(B < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
> $BK]LuF|!'(B 2007/06/04
> $BK]Lu<T!'(B Tsugikazu Shibata <tshibata at ab dot jp dot nec dot com>
> $B9;@5<T!'(B $B>>AR$5$s(B <nbh--mats at nifty dot com>
> $B>.NS(B $B2mE5$5$s(B (Masanori Kobayasi) <zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp>
> $BIp0f?-8w$5$s!"(B<takei at webmasters dot gr dot jp>
> $B$+$M$3$5$s(B (Seiji Kaneko) <skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp>
> $BLn8}$5$s(B (Kenji Noguchi) <tokyo246 at gmail dot com>
> $B2OFb$5$s(B (Takayoshi Kochi) <t-kochi at bq dot jp dot nec dot com>
> $B4dK\$5$s(B (iwamoto) <iwamoto.kn at ncos dot nec dot co dot jp>
> ==================================
>
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$N$d$jJ}(B
> -------------------------------
>
> $B$3$l$O>e$N%H%T%C%/(B( Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$N$d$jJ}(B)$B$N=EMW$J;vJA$rLVMe$7$?(B
> $B%I%-%e%a%s%H$G$9!#$3$3$K$O(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$K$J$k$?$a$NJ}K!$H(B
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/%3%_%e%K%F%#$H6&$K3hF0$9$k$d$jJ}$r3X$VJ}K!$,4^$^$l$F(B
> $B$$$^$9!#%+!<%M%k%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K4X$9$k5;=QE*$J9`L\$K4X$9$k$3$H$O2?$b4^(B
> $B$a$J$$$h$&$K$7$F$$$^$9$,!"%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$H$J$k$?$a$N@5$7$$J}8~$K8~$+$&(B
> $B<j=u$1$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
>
> $B$b$7!"$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$N$I$3$+$,8E$/$J$C$F$$$?>l9g$K$O!"$3$N%I%-%e%a%s(B
> $B%H$N:G8e$K%j%9%H$7$?%a%s%F%J!<$K%Q%C%A$rAw$C$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> $B$O$8$a$K(B
> ---------
>
> $B$"$J$?$O!!(BLinux $B%+!<%M%k$N3+H/<T$K$J$kJ}K!$r3X$S$?$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!)!!$=(B
> $B$l$H$b$"$J$?$O>e;J$+$i!V$3$N%G%P%$%9$N(B Linux $B%I%i%$%P$r=q$/$h$&$K!W$H(B
> $B8@$o$l$F$$$k$N$G$7$g$&$+!)!!(B
> $B$3$NJ8=q$NL\E*$O!"$"$J$?$,F'$`$Y$-<j=g$H!"%3%_%e%K%F%#$H0l=o$K$&$^$/F/(B
> $B$/%R%s%H$r=q$-2<$9$3$H$G!"$"$J$?$,CN$k$Y$-A4$F$N$3$H$r65$($k$3$H$G$9!#(B
> $B$^$?!"$3$N%3%_%e%K%F%#$,$J$<:#$&$^$/$^$o$C$F$$$k$N$+$H$$$&M}M3$N0lIt$b(B
> $B@bL@$7$h$&$H;n$_$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k$O(B $B>/NL$N%"!<%-%F%/%A%c0MB8ItJ,$,%"%;%s%V%j8@8l$G=q$+$l$F$$$k(B
> $B0J30$OBgItJ,$O(B C $B8@8l$G=q$+$l$F$$$^$9!#(BC$B8@8l$r$h$/M}2r$7$F$$$k$3$H$O%+!<(B
> $B%M%k3+H/<T$K$OI,MW$G$9!#%"!<%-%F%/%A%c8~$1$NDc%l%Y%kItJ,$N3+H/$r$9$k$N(B
> $B$G$J$1$l$P!"(B($B$I$s$J%"!<%-%F%/%A%c$G$b(B)$B%"%;%s%V%j(B($BLuCm(B: $B8@8l(B)$B$OI,MW$"$j(B
> $B$^$;$s!#0J2<$NK\$O!"(BC $B8@8l$N==J,$JCN<1$d2?G/$b$N7P83$K<h$C$FBe$o$k$b$N(B
> $B$G$O$"$j$^$;$s$,!">/$J$/$H$b%j%U%!%l%s%9$H$7$F$O$$$$K\$G$9!#(B
> - "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall]
> -$B!X%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l#CBh(B2$BHG!Y(B(B.W. $B%+!<%K%O%s(B/D.M. $B%j%C%A!<Cx(B $B@PED@25WLu(B) [$B6&N)=PHG(B]
> - "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly]
> - $B!X(BC$B<BA)%W%m%0%i%_%s%0Bh(B3$BHG!Y(B(Steve Oualline$BCx(B $BK>7n9/;J4FLu(B $BC+8}8yLu(B) [$B%*%i%$%j!<%8%c%Q%s(B]
> - "C: A Reference Manual" by Harbison and Steele [Prentice Hall]
> - $B!X?7!&>\@b(B C $B8@8l(B H&S $B%j%U%!%l%s%9!Y(B
> ($B%5%_%e%(%k(B P $B%O!<%S%=%s(B/$B%,%$(B L $B%9%F%#!<%k6&Cx(B $B@FF#(B $B?.CK4FLu(B)[$B%=%U%H%P%s%/(B]
>
> $B%+!<%M%k$O(B GNU C $B$H(B GNU $B%D!<%k%A%'%$%s$r;H$C$F=q$+$l$F$$$^$9!#%+!<%M%k(B
> $B$O(B ISO C89 $B;EMM$K=`5r$7$F=q$/0lJ}$G!"I8=`$K$OL5$$8@8l3HD%$rB?$/;H$C$F(B
> $B$$$^$9!#%+!<%M%k$OI8=`(B C $B%i%$%V%i%j$H$O4X78$,$J$$$H$$$C$?!"(BC $B8@8l%U%j!<(B
> $B%9%?%s%G%#%s%04D6-$G$9!#$=$N$?$a!"(BC $B$NI8=`$G;H$($J$$$b$N$b$"$j$^$9!#G$(B
> $B0U$N(B long long $B$N=|;;$dIbF0>.?tE@$O;H$($^$;$s!#(B
> $B$H$-$I$-!"%+!<%M%k$,%D!<%k%A%'%$%s$d(B C $B8@8l3HD%$KCV$$$F$$$kA0Ds$,$I$&(B
> $B$J$C$F$$$k$N$+$o$+$j$K$/$$$3$H$,$"$j!"$^$?!";DG0$J$3$H$K7hDjE*$J%j%U%!(B
> $B%l%s%9$OB8:_$7$^$;$s!#>pJs$rF@$k$K$O!"(Bgcc $B$N(B info $B%Z!<%8(B( info gcc )$B$r(B
> $B$_$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> $B$"$J$?$O4{B8$N3+H/%3%_%e%K%F%#$H0l=o$K:n6H$9$kJ}K!$r3X$\$&$H$7$F$$$k$3(B
> $B$H$KN10U$7$F$/$@$5$$!#$=$N%3%_%e%K%F%#$O!"%3!<%G%#%s%0!"%9%?%$%k!"(B
> $B3+H/<j=g$K$D$$$F9bEY$JI8=`$r;}$D!"B?MM$J?M$N=8$^$j$G$9!#(B
> $BCOM}E*$KJ,;6$7$?Bg5,LO$J%A!<%`$KBP$7$F$b$C$H$b$&$^$/$$$/$H$o$+$C$?$3$H(B
> $B$r%Y!<%9$K$7$J$,$i!"$3$l$i$NI8=`$OD9$$;~4V$r$+$1$FC[$+$l$F$-$^$7$?!#(B
> $B$3$l$i$O$-$A$s$HJ8=q2=$5$l$F$$$^$9$+$i!";vA0$K$3$l$i$NI8=`$K$D$$$F$G$-(B
> $B$k$@$1$?$/$5$s3X$s$G$/$@$5$$!#$^$?3'$,$"$J$?$d$"$J$?$N2q<R$N$d$jJ}$K9g$o(B
> $B$;$F$/$l$k$H;W$o$J$$$G$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> $BK!E*LdBj(B
> ------------
>
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N%=!<%9%3!<%I$O(B GPL $B%i%$%;%s%9$N2<$G%j%j!<%9$5$l$F$$$^(B
> $B$9!#%i%$%;%s%9$N>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O!"%=!<%9%D%j!<$N%a%$%s%G%#%l%/%H%j$KB8:_(B
> $B$9$k!"(BCOPYING $B$N%U%!%$%k$r$_$F$/$@$5$$!#$b$7%i%$%;%s%9$K$D$$$F$5$i$K<A(B
> $BLd$,$"$l$P!"(BLinux Kernel $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$K<ALd$9$k$N$G$O$J$/!"$I$&$>(B
> $BK!N'2H$KAjCL$7$F$/$@$5$$!#%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$N?MC#$OK!N'2H$G$O$J$/!"K!E*(B
> $BLdBj$K$D$$$F$OH`$i$N@<L@$O$"$F$K$9$k$Y$-$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
>
> GPL $B$K4X$9$k6&DL$N<ALd$d2sEz$K$D$$$F$O!"0J2<$r;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
> http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
>
> $B%I%-%e%a%s%H(B
> ------------
>
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k%=!<%9%D%j!<$OI}9-$$HO0O$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$r4^$s$G$*$j!"$=$l(B
> $B$i$O%+!<%M%k%3%_%e%K%F%#$H2qOC$9$kJ}K!$r3X$V$N$KHs>o$K5.=E$J$b$N$G$9!#(B
> $B?7$7$$5!G=$,%+!<%M%k$KDI2C$5$l$k>l9g!"$=$N5!G=$N;H$$J}$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$?(B
> $B?7$7$$%I%-%e%a%s%H%U%!%$%k$bDI2C$9$k$3$H$r4+$a$^$9!#(B
> $B%+!<%M%k$NJQ99$,!"%+!<%M%k$,%f!<%66u4V$K8x3+$7$F$$$k%$%s%?!<%U%'%$%9$N(B
> $BJQ99$r0z$-5/$3$9>l9g!"$=$NJQ99$r@bL@$9$k%^%K%e%"%k%Z!<%8$N%Q%C%A$d>pJs(B
> $B$r%^%K%e%"%k%Z!<%8$N%a%s%F%J(B [email protected] $B$KAw$k$3$H$r4+$a$^$9!#(B
>
> $B0J2<$O%+!<%M%k%=!<%9%D%j!<$K4^$^$l$F$$$kFI$s$G$*$/$Y$-%U%!%$%k$N0lMw$G(B
> $B$9(B-
>
> README
> $B$3$N%U%!%$%k$O(B Linux$B%+!<%M%k$N4JC1$JGX7J$H%+!<%M%k$r@_Dj(B($BLuCm(B
> configure )$B$7!"@8@.(B($BLuCm(B build )$B$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$J$3$H$O2?$+$,=q$+$l(B
> $B$F$$$^$9!#%+!<%M%k$K4X$7$F=i$a$F$N?M$O$3$3$+$i%9%?!<%H$9$k$H$h$$$G(B
> $B$7$g$&!#(B
>
> Documentation/Changes
> $B$3$N%U%!%$%k$O%+!<%M%k$r$&$^$/@8@.(B($BLuCm(B build )$B$7!"Av$i$;$k$N$K:G(B
> $B>.8B$N%l%Y%k$GI,MW$J?t!9$N%=%U%H%&%'%"%Q%C%1!<%8$N0lMw$r<($7$F$$(B
> $B$^$9!#(B
>
> Documentation/CodingStyle
> $B$3$l$O(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N%3!<%G%#%s%0%9%?%$%k$HGX7J$K$"$kM}M3$r5-=R(B
> $B$7$F$$$^$9!#A4$F$N?7$7$$%3!<%I$O$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$K$"$k%,%$%I%i%$%s(B
> $B$K=>$C$F$$$k$3$H$r4|BT$5$l$F$$$^$9!#BgItJ,$N%a%s%F%J!<$O$3$l$i$N%k!<(B
> $B%k$K=>$C$F$$$k$b$N$@$1$r<u$1IU$1!"B?$/$N?M$O@5$7$$%9%?%$%k$N%3!<%I(B
> $B$@$1$r%l%S%e!<$7$^$9!#(B
>
> Documentation/SubmittingPatches
> Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
> $B$3$l$i$N%U%!%$%k$K$O!"$I$&$d$C$F$&$^$/%Q%C%A$r:n$C$FEj9F$9$k$+$K(B
> $B$D$$$FHs>o$K>\$7$/=q$+$l$F$*$j!"0J2<$r4^$_$^$9(B($B$3$l$@$1$K8B$i$J$$(B
> $B$1$l$I$b(B)
> - Email $B$K4^$`$3$H(B
> - Email $B$N7A<0(B
> - $B$@$l$KAw$k$+(B
> $B$3$l$i$N%k!<%k$K=>$($P$&$^$/$$$/$3$H$rJ]>Z$9$k$3$H$G$O$"$j$^$;$s(B
> $B$,(B ($B$9$Y$F$N%Q%C%A$OFbMF$H%9%?%$%k$K$D$$$F@:::$r<u$1$k$N$G(B)$B!"(B
> $B%k!<%k$K=>$o$J$1$l$P4V0c$$$J$/$&$^$/$$$+$J$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
> $B$3$NB>$K%Q%C%A$r:n$kJ}K!$K$D$$$F$N$h$/$G$-$?5-=R$O(B-
>
> "The Perfect Patch"
> http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
> "Linux kernel patch submission format"
> http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html
>
> Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
> $B$3$N%U%!%$%k$O%+!<%M%k$NCf$KITJQ$N(BAPI$B$r;}$?$J$$$3$H$K$7$?0U<1E*$J(B
> $B7hCG$NGX7J$K$"$kM}M3$K$D$$$F=q$+$l$F$$$^$9!#0J2<$N$h$&$J$3$H$r4^(B
> $B$s$G$$$^$9(B-
> - $B%5%V%7%9%F%`$H$N4V$KAX$r:n$k$3$H(B($B%3%s%Q%A%S%j%F%#$N$?$a(B?)
> - $B%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`4V$N%I%i%$%P$N0\?"@-(B
> - $B%+!<%M%k%=!<%9%D%j!<$NAGAa$$JQ99$rCY$i$;$k(B($B$b$7$/$OAGAa$$JQ99(B
> $B$rK8$2$k(B)
> $B$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O(B Linux $B3+H/$N;WA[$rM}2r$9$k$N$KHs>o$K=EMW$G$9!#(B
> $B$=$7$F!"B>$N(BOS$B$G$N3+H/<T$,(B Linux $B$K0\$k;~$K$H$F$b=EMW$G$9!#(B
>
> Documentation/SecurityBugs
> $B$b$7(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k$G%;%-%e%j%F%#LdBj$rH/8+$7$?$h$&$K;W$C$?$i!"$3(B
> $B$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$N%9%F%C%W$K=>$C$F%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$KO"Mm$7!"LdBj2r7h$r(B
> $B;Y1g$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> Documentation/ManagementStyle
> $B$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N%a%s%F%J!<C#$,$I$&9TF0$9$k$+!"(B
> $BH`$i$N<jK!$NGX7J$K$"$k6&M-$5$l$F$$$k@:?@$K$D$$$F5-=R$7$F$$$^$9!#$3(B
> $B$l$O%+!<%M%k3+H/$N=i?4<T$J$i!J$b$7$/$O!"C1$K6=L#$,$"$k$@$1$N?M$G$b!K(B
> $B=EMW$G$9!#$J$<$J$i$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O!"%+!<%M%k%a%s%F%J!<C#$NFHFC$J(B
> $B9TF0$K$D$$$F$NB?$/$N8m2r$d:.Mp$r2r>C$9$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
>
> Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt
> $B$3$N%U%!%$%k$O$I$N$h$&$K(B stable $B%+!<%M%k$N%j%j!<%9$,9T$o$l$k$+$N%k!<(B
> $B%k$,5-=R$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$=$7$F$3$l$i$N%j%j!<%9$NCf$N$I$3$+$GJQ99$r<h(B
> $B$jF~$l$F$b$i$$$?$$>l9g$K2?$r$9$l$P$$$$$+$,<($5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
> $B!!!!%+!<%M%k3+H/$KIU?o$9$k30It%I%-%e%a%s%H$N%j%9%H$G$9!#$b$7$"$J$?$,(B
> $BC5$7$F$$$k$b$N$,%+!<%M%kFb$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$G$_$D$+$i$J$+$C$?>l9g!"(B
> $B$3$N%j%9%H$r$"$?$C$F$_$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> Documentation/applying-patches.txt
> $B%Q%C%A$H$O$J$K$+!"%Q%C%A$r$I$&$d$C$FMM!9$J%+!<%M%k$N3+H/%V%i%s%A$K(B
> $BE,MQ$9$k$N$+$K$D$$$F@53N$K5-=R$7$?NI$$F~Lg=q$G$9!#(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k$O%=!<%9%3!<%I$+$i<+F0E*$K@[email protected]=$JB??t$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$r<+J,<+(B
> $B?H$G$b$C$F$$$^$9!#$3$l$K$O%+!<%M%kFb(B API $B$N$9$Y$F$N5-=R$d!"$I$&@5$7$/(B
> $B%m%C%/$r$+$1$k$+$N5,B'$,4^$^$l$^$9!#$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O(B
> Documentation/DocBook/ $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$K:n$i$l!"0J2<$N$h$&$K(B
> make pdfdocs
> make psdocs
> make htmldocs
> make mandocs
> $B%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k$H%a%$%s%+!<%M%k$N%=!<%9%G%#%l%/%H%j$+$i(B
> $B$=$l$>$l!"(BPDF, Postscript, HTML, man page $B$N7A<0$G@8@.$5$l$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$K$J$k$K$O(B
> ---------------------------
>
> $B$b$7$"$J$?$,!"(BLinux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$K$D$$$F2?$bCN$i$J$$$J$i$P!"(B
> KernelNewbies $B%W%m%8%'%/%H$r8+$k$Y$-$G$9(B
> http://kernelnewbies.org
>
> $B$3$N%5%$%H$K$OLr$KN)$D%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$,$"$j!"4pK\E*$J%+!<%M%k3+H/$K4X(B
> $B$9$k$[$H$s$I$I$s$J<oN`$N<ALd$b$G$-$^$9(B ($B4{$K2sEz$5$l$F$$$k$h$&$J$3$H$r(B
> $BJ9$/A0$K$^$:$O%"!<%+%$%V$rD4$Y$F$/$@$5$$(B)$B!#(B
> $B$^$?$3$3$K$O!"%j%"%k%?%$%`$G<ALd$rJ9$/$3$H$,$G$-$k(B IRC $B%A%c%M%k$d!"(BLinux
> $B%+!<%M%k$N3+H/$K4X$7$F3X$V$N$KJXMx$J$?$/$5$s$NLr$KN)$D%I%-%e%a%s%H$,$"(B
> $B$j$^$9!#(B
>
> web $B%5%$%H$K$O!"%3!<%I$N9=@.!"%5%V%7%9%F%`!"8=:_B8:_$9$k%W%m%8%'%/%H(B($B%D(B
> $B%j!<$K$"$k$b$NL5$$$b$N$NN>J}(B)$B$N4pK\E*$J4IM}>pJs$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
> $B$3$3$K$O!"$^$?!"%+!<%M%k$N%3%s%Q%$%k$N$d$jJ}$d%Q%C%A$NEv$FJ}$J$I$N4V@\(B
> $BE*$J4pK\>pJs$b5-=R$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> $B$"$J$?$,$I$3$+$i%9%?!<%H$7$F$h$$$+$o$+$i$J$$$,!"(BLinux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/%3%_%e(B
> $B%K%F%#$K;22C$7$F2?$+$9$k$3$H$r$5$,$7$F$$$k>l9g$K$O!"(BLinux kernel
> Janitor's $B%W%m%8%'%/%H$K$$$1$P$h$$$G$7$g$&(B -
> http://janitor.kernelnewbies.org/
> $B$3$3$O$=$N$h$&$J%9%?!<%H$r$9$k$N$K$&$C$F$D$1$N>l=j$G$9!#$3$3$K$O!"(B
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k%=!<%9%D%j!<$NCf$K4^$^$l$k!"$-$l$$$K$7!"=$@5$7$J$1$l$P$J(B
> $B$i$J$$!"C1=c$JLdBj$N%j%9%H$,5-=R$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$3$N%W%m%8%'%/%H$K4X$o$k(B
> $B3+H/<T$H0l=o$K:n6H$9$k$3$H$G!"$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A$r(B Linux$B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$KF~(B
> $B$l$k$?$a$N4pAC$r3X$V$3$H$,$G$-!"$=$7$F$b$7$"$J$?$,$^$@%"%$%G%#%"$r;}$C(B
> $B$F$$$J$$>l9g$K$O!"<!$K$d$k;E;v$NJ}8~@-$,8+$($F$/$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
>
> $B$b$7$"$J$?$,!"$9$G$K$R$H$^$H$^$j%3!<%I$r=q$$$F$$$F!"%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$KF~(B
> $B$l$?$$$H;W$C$F$$$?$j!"$=$l$K4X$9$kE,@Z$J;Y1g$r5a$a$?$$>l9g!"%+!<%M%k(B
> $B%a%s%?!<%:%W%m%8%'%/%H$O$=$N$h$&$J3'$5$s$r=u$1$k$?$a$K$G$-$^$7$?!#(B
> $B$3$3$K$O%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$,$"$j!"0J2<$+$i;2>H$G$-$^$9(B
> http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors
>
> $B<B:]$K(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N%3!<%I$K$D$$$F=$@5$r2C$($kA0$K!"$I$&$d$C$F$=$N(B
> $B%3!<%I$,F0:n$9$k$N$+$rM}2r$9$k$3$H$,I,MW$G$9!#$=$N$?$a$K$O!"FCJL$J%D!<(B
> $B%k$N=u$1$r<Z$j$F$G$b!"$=$l$rD>@\$h$/FI$`$3$H$,:GNI$NJ}K!$G$9(B($B$[$H$s$I(B
> $B$N%H%j%C%-!<$JItJ,$O==J,$K%3%a%s%H$7$F$"$j$^$9$+$i(B)$B!#$=$&$$$&%D!<%k$G(B
> $BFC$K$*$9$9$a$J$N$O!"(BLinux $B%/%m%9%j%U%!%l%s%9%W%m%8%'%/%H$G$9!#$3$l$O!"(B
> $B<+8J;2>HJ}<0$G!":w0z$,$D$$$?(B web $B7A<0$G!"%=!<%9%3!<%I$r;2>H$9$k$3$H$,(B
> $B$G$-$^$9!#$3$N:G?7$NAG@2$7$$%+!<%M%k%3!<%I$N%j%]%8%H%j$O0J2<$G8+$D$+$j(B
> $B$^$9(B-
> http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/
>
> $B3+H/%W%m%;%9(B
> -----------------------
>
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N3+H/%W%m%;%9$O8=:_4v$D$+$N0[$J$k%a%$%s%+!<%M%k!V%V%i%s(B
> $B%A!W$HB??t$N%5%V%7%9%F%`Kh$N%+!<%M%k%V%i%s%A$+$i9=@.$5$l$^$9!#(B
> $B$3$l$i$N%V%i%s%A$H$O(B-
> - $B%a%$%s$N(B 2.6.x $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<(B
> - 2.6.x.y -stable $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<(B
> - 2.6.x -git $B%+!<%M%k%Q%C%A(B
> - 2.6.x -mm $B%+!<%M%k%Q%C%A(B
> - $B%5%V%7%9%F%`Kh$N%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$H%Q%C%A(B
>
> 2.6.x $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<(B
> -----------------
>
> 2.6.x $B%+!<%M%k$O(B Linus Torvalds $B$K$h$C$F%a%s%F%J%s%9$5$l!"(Bkernel.org
> $B$N(B pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ $B%G%#%l%/%H%j$KB8:_$7$^$9!#$3$N3+H/%W%m%;%9$O(B
> $B0J2<$N$H$*$j(B-
>
> - $B?7$7$$%+!<%M%k$,%j%j!<%9$5$l$?D>8e$K!"(B2$B=54V$NFCJL4|4V$,@_$1$i$l!"(B
> $B$3$N4|4VCf$K!"%a%s%F%J!<C#$O(B Linus $B$KBg$-$J:9J,$rAw$k$3$H$,$G$-$^(B
> $B$9!#$3$N$h$&$J:9J,$ODL>o(B -mm $B%+!<%M%k$K?t=54V4^$^$l$F$-$?%Q%C%A$G(B
> $B$9!#(B $BBg$-$JJQ99$O(B git($B%+!<%M%k$N%=!<%94IM}%D!<%k!">\:Y$O(B
> http://git.or.cz/ $B;2>H(B) $B$r;H$C$FAw$k$N$,9%$^$7$$$d$jJ}$G$9$,!"%Q%C(B
> $B%A%U%!%$%k$N7A<0$N$^$^Aw$k$N$G$b==J,$G$9!#(B
>
> - 2$B=54V8e!"(B-rc1 $B%+!<%M%k$,%j%j!<%9$5$l!"$3$N8e$K$O%+!<%M%kA4BN$N0BDj(B
> $B@-$K1F6A$r$"$?$($k$h$&$J?75!G=$O4^$^$J$$N`$N%Q%C%A$7$+<h$j9~$`$3$H(B
> $B$O$G$-$^$;$s!#?7$7$$%I%i%$%P(B($B$b$7$/$O%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`(B)$B$N%Q%C%A$O(B
> -rc1 $B$N8e$G<u$1IU$1$i$l$k$3$H$b$"$k$3$H$r3P$($F$*$$$F$/$@$5$$!#$J(B
> $B$<$J$i!"JQ99$,FHN)$7$F$$$F!"DI2C$5$l$?%3!<%I$N30$NNN0h$K1F6A$rM?$((B
> $B$J$$8B$j!"B`9T$N%j%9%/$OL5$$$+$i$G$9!#(B-rc1 $B$,%j%j!<%9$5$l$?8e!"(B
> Linus $B$X%Q%C%A$rAwIU$9$k$N$K(B git $B$r;H$&$3$H$b$G$-$^$9$,!"%Q%C%A$O(B
> $B%l%S%e!<$N$?$a$K!"%Q%V%j%C%/$J%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$X$bF1;~$KAw$kI,MW$,(B
> $B$"$j$^$9!#(B
>
> - $B?7$7$$(B -rc $B$O(B Linus $B$,!":G?7$N(B git $B%D%j!<$,%F%9%HL\E*$G$"$l$P==J,(B
> $B$K0BDj$7$?>uBV$K$"$k$HH=CG$7$?$H$-$K%j%j!<%9$5$l$^$9!#L\I8$OKh=5?7(B
> $B$7$$(B -rc $B%+!<%M%k$r%j%j!<%9$9$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
>
> - $B$3$N%W%m%;%9$O%+!<%M%k$,(B $B!V=`Hw$,$G$-$?!W$H9M$($i$l$k$^$G7QB3$7$^(B
> $B$9!#$3$N%W%m%;%9$O$@$$$?$$(B 6$B=54V7QB3$7$^$9!#(B
>
> Andrew Morton $B$,(B Linux-kernel $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$K%+!<%M%k%j%j!<%9$K$D$$(B
> $B$F=q$$$?$3$H$r$3$3$G8@$C$F$*$/$3$H$O2ACM$,$"$j$^$9(B-
> $B!V%+!<%M%k$,$$$D%j%j!<%9$5$l$k$+$OC/$bCN$j$^$;$s!#$J$<$J$i!"$3$l$O8=(B
> $B<B$KG'<1$5$l$?%P%0$N>u67$K$h$j%j%j!<%9$5$l$k$N$G$"$j!"A0$b$C$F7h$a$i(B
> $B$l$?7W2h$K$h$C$F%j%j!<%9$5$l$k$b$N$G$O$J$$$+$i$G$9!#!W(B
>
> 2.6.x.y -stable $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<(B
> ---------------------------
>
> $B%P!<%8%g%s$K(B4$B$DL\$N?t;z$,$D$$$?%+!<%M%k$O(B -stable $B%+!<%M%k$G$9!#$3$l$K(B
> $B$O!"(B2.6.x $B%+!<%M%k$G8+$D$+$C$?%;%-%e%j%F%#LdBj$d=EBg$J8eLa$j$KBP$9$kHf(B
> $B3SE*>.$5$$=EMW$J=$@5$,4^$^$l$^$9!#(B
>
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> $B:G?7$N0BDj$7$?%+!<%M%k$r;H$$$?$$%f!<%6$K?d>)$9$k%V%i%s%A$G$9!#(B
>
> $B$b$7!"(B2.6.x.y $B%+!<%M%k$,B8:_$7$J$$>l9g$K$O!"HV9f$,0lHVBg$-$$(B 2.6.x
> $B$,:G?7$N0BDjHG%+!<%M%k$G$9!#(B
>
> 2.6.x.y $B$O(B "stable" $B%A!<%`(B <[email protected]> $B$G%a%s%F$5$l$F$*$j!"$@(B
> $B$$$?$$3V=5$G%j%j!<%9$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$KF~$C$F$$$k!"(BDocumentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt $B%U%!(B
> $B%$%k$K$O$I$N$h$&$J<oN`$NJQ99$,(B -stable $B%D%j!<$K<u$1F~$l2DG=$+!"$^$?%j(B
> $B%j!<%9%W%m%;%9$,$I$&F0$/$+$,5-=R$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> 2.6.x -git $B%Q%C%A(B
> ------------------
>
> git $B%j%]%8%H%j$G4IM}$5$l$F$$$k(BLinus $B$N%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$NKhF|$N%9%J%C%W(B
> $B%7%g%C%H$,$"$j$^$9!#(B($B$@$+$i(B -git $B$H$$$&L>A0$,$D$$$F$$$^$9(B)$B!#$3$l$i$N%Q%C(B
> $B%A$O$*$*$`$MKhF|%j%j!<%9$5$l$F$*$j!"(BLinus $B$N%D%j!<$N8=>u$rI=$7$^$9!#$3(B
> $B$l$O(B -rc $B%+!<%M%k$HHf$Y$F!"%Q%C%A$,Bg>fIW$+$I$&$+$b3NG'$7$J$$$G<+F0E*(B
> $B$K@8@.$5$l$k$N$G!"$h$j<B83E*$G$9!#(B
>
> 2.6.x -mm $B%+!<%M%k%Q%C%A(B
> ------------------------
>
> Andrew Morton $B$K$h$C$F%j%j!<%9$5$l$k<B83E*$J%+!<%M%k%Q%C%A72$G$9!#(B
> Andrew $B$O8DJL$N%5%V%7%9%F%`%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$H%Q%C%A$rA4$F=8$a$F$-$F(B
> linux-kernel $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$G<}=8$5$l$?B??t$N%Q%C%A$HF1;~$K0l$D$K$^(B
> $B$H$a$^$9!#(B
> $B$3$N%D%j!<$O?75!G=$H%Q%C%A$,8!>Z$5$l$k>l$H$J$j$^$9!#$"$k4|4V$N4V%Q%C%A(B
> $B$,(B -mm $B$KF~$C$F2ACM$r>ZL@$5$l$?$i!"(BAndrew $B$d%5%V%7%9%F%`%a%s%F%J$,!"%a(B
> $B%$%s%i%$%s$XF~$l$k$h$&$K(B Linus $B$K%W%C%7%e$7$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%a%$%s%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$K4^$a$k$?$a$K(B Linus $B$KAw$kA0$K!"$9$Y$F$N?7$7$$%Q%C(B
> $B%A$,(B -mm $B%D%j!<$G%F%9%H$5$l$k$3$H$,6/$/?d>)$5$l$^$9!#(B
>
> $B$3$l$i$N%+!<%M%k$O0BDj$7$FF0:n$9$Y$-%7%9%F%`$H$7$F;H$&$N$K$OE,@Z$G$O$"(B
> $B$j$^$;$s$7!"%+!<%M%k%V%i%s%A$NCf$G$b$b$C$H$bF0:n$K%j%9%/$,9b$$$b$N$G$9!#(B
>
> $B$b$7$"$J$?$,!"%+!<%M%k3+H/%W%m%;%9$N;Y1g$r$7$?$$$H;W$C$F$$$k$N$G$"$l$P!"(B
> $B$I$&$>$3$l$i$N%+!<%M%k%j%j!<%9$r%F%9%H$K;H$C$F$_$F!"$=$7$F$b$7LdBj$,$"(B
> $B$l$P!"$^$?$b$7A4$F$,@5$7$/F0:n$7$?$H$7$F$b!"(Blinux-kernel $B%a!<%j%s%0%j(B
> $B%9%H$K%U%#!<%I%P%C%/$rDs6!$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> $B$9$Y$F$NB>$N<B83E*%Q%C%A$K2C$($F!"$3$l$i$N%+!<%M%k$ODL>o%j%j!<%9;~E@$G(B
> $B%a%$%s%i%$%s$N(B -git $B%+!<%M%k$K4^$^$l$kA4$F$NJQ99$b4^$s$G$$$^$9!#(B
>
> -mm $B%+!<%M%k$O7h$^$C$?%9%1%8%e!<%k$G$O%j%j!<%9$5$l$^$;$s!"$7$+$7DL>o4v(B
> $B$D$+$N(B -mm $B%+!<%M%k(B (1 $B$+$i(B 3 $B$,IaDL!K$,3F(B-rc $B%+!<%M%k$N4V$K%j%j!<%9$5(B
> $B$l$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%5%V%7%9%F%`Kh$N%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$H%Q%C%A(B
> -------------------------------------------
>
> $B%+!<%M%k$NMM!9$JNN0h$G2?$,5/$-$F$$$k$+$r8+$i$l$k$h$&$K$9$k$?$a!"B?$/$N(B
> $B%+!<%M%k%5%V%7%9%F%`3+H/<T$OH`$i$N3+H/%D%j!<$r8x3+$7$F$$$^$9!#$3$l$i$N(B
> $B%D%j!<$O@bL@$7$?$h$&$K(B -mm $B%+!<%M%k%j%j!<%9$KF~$l9~$^$l$^$9!#(B
>
> $B0J2<$O$5$^$6$^$J%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$NCf$N$$$/$D$+$N%j%9%H(B-
>
> git $B%D%j!<(B-
> - Kbuild $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(BSam Ravnborg <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sam/kbuild.git
>
> - ACPI $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(B Len Brown <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6.git
>
> - Block $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(BJens Axboe <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux-2.6-block.git
>
> - DRM $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(BDave Airlie <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6.git
>
> - ia64 $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(BTony Luck <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git
>
> - ieee1394 $B$N3+H/%D%j!<!"(BJody McIntyre <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/scjody/ieee1394.git
>
> - infiniband, Roland Dreier <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/roland/infiniband.git
>
> - libata, Jeff Garzik <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev.git
>
> - $B%M%C%H%o!<%/%I%i%$%P(B, Jeff Garzik <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/netdev-2.6.git
>
> - pcmcia, Dominik Brodowski <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brodo/pcmcia-2.6.git
>
> - SCSI, James Bottomley <[email protected]>
> kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi-misc-2.6.git
>
> $B$=$NB>$N(B git $B%+!<%M%k%D%j!<$O(B http://kernel.org/git $B$K0lMwI=$,$"$j$^(B
> $B$9!#(B
>
> quilt $B%D%j!<(B-
> - USB, PCI $B%I%i%$%P%3%"$H(B I2C, Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>
> kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/gregkh/gregkh-2.6/
>
> $B%P%0%l%]!<%H(B
> -------------
>
> bugzilla.kernel.org $B$O(B Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$,%+!<%M%k$N%P%0$rDI@W$9$k(B
> $B>l=j$G$9!#%f!<%6$O8+$D$1$?%P%0$NA4$F$r$3$N%D!<%k$GJs9p$9$Y$-$G$9!#(B
> $B$I$&(B kernel bugzilla $B$r;H$&$+$N>\:Y$O!"0J2<$r;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$(B-
> http://test.kernel.org/bugzilla/faq.html
>
> $B%a%$%s%+!<%M%k%=!<%9%G%#%l%/%H%j$K$"$k%U%!%$%k(B REPORTING-BUGS $B$O%+!<%M(B
> $B%k%P%0$i$7$$$b$N$K$D$$$F$I$&%l%]!<%H$9$k$+$NNI$$%F%s%W%l!<%H$G$"$j!"Ld(B
> $BBj$NDI@W$r=u$1$k$?$a$K%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$K$H$C$F$I$s$J>pJs$,I,MW$J$N$+$N>\(B
> $B:Y$,=q$+$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H(B
> -------------
>
> $B>e$N$$$/$D$+$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$G=R$Y$F$$$^$9$,!"%3%"%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$NBgItJ,(B
> $B$O(B Linux kernel $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$K;22C$7$F$$$^$9!#$3$N%j%9%H$NEPO?(B/$BC&(B
> $BB`$NJ}K!$K$D$$$F$O0J2<$r;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$(B-
> http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel
>
> $B$3$N%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$N%"!<%+%$%V$O(B web $B>e$NB??t$N>l=j$KB8:_$7$^$9!#$3(B
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> http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel
>
> $B%j%9%H$KEj9F$9$kA0$K$9$G$K$=$NOCBj$,%"!<%+%$%V$KB8:_$9$k$+$I$&$+$r8!:w(B
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>
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> $B%H$r;}$C$F$$$^$9!#8D!9$N%0%k!<%W$,$I$s$J%j%9%H$r;}$C$F$$$k$+$O!"(B
> MAINTAINERS $B%U%!%$%k$K%j%9%H$,$"$j$^$9$N$G;2>H$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
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> $B$j$^$9(B-
> http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
>
> $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$r;H$&>l9g!"NI$$9TF0=,47$K=>$&$h$&$K$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
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> http://www.albion.com/netiquette/
>
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> "John Kernlehacker wrote ...:" $B$N9T$r$"$J$?$N%j%W%i%$$N@hF,9T$K$7$F!"(B
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> --------------------------
>
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> - $BMW5a$5$l$?JQ99$r2?$b$7$J$$$G%Q%C%A$r=P$7D>$9$3$H(B
>
> $B2DG=$J8B$j:G9b$N5;=QE*2r7h$r5a$a$F$$$k%3%_%e%K%F%#$G$O!"%Q%C%A$,$I$N$/(B
> $B$i$$M-1W$J$N$+$K$D$$$F$O>o$K0[$J$k0U8+$,$"$j$^$9!#$"$J$?$O6(D4E*$G$"$k(B
> $B$Y$-$G$9$7!"$^$?!"$"$J$?$N%"%$%G%#%"$r%+!<%M%k$KBP$7$F$&$^$/9g$o$;$k$h(B
> $B$&$K$9$k$3$H$,K>$^$l$F$$$^$9!#$b$7$/$O!":GDc8B$"$J$?$N%"%$%G%#%"$,$=$l(B
> $B$@$1$N2ACM$,$"$k$H$9$9$s$G>ZL@$9$k$h$&$K$7$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
> $B@5$7$$2r7h$K8~$+$C$F?J$b$&$H$$$&0U;V$,$"$k8B$j!"4V0c$&$3$H$,$"$C$F$b5v(B
> $BMF$5$l$k$3$H$rK:$l$J$$$G$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
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> $B$H$bIaDL$N$3$H$G$9!#$3$l$O$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A$,<u$1F~$l$i$l$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G(B
> $B$O(B *$B$"$j$^$;$s(B*$B!"$=$7$F$"$J$?<+?H$KH?BP$9$k$3$H$r0UL#$9$k$N$G$b(B *$B$"$j$^(B
> $B$;$s(B*$B!#C1$K<+J,$N%Q%C%A$KBP$7$F;XE&$5$l$?LdBj$rA4$F=$@5$7$F:FAw$9$l$P(B
> $B$$$$$N$G$9!#(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k%3%_%e%K%F%#$H4k6HAH?%$N$A$,$$(B
> -----------------------------------------------------------------
>
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> $BF0$$$F$$$^$9!#0J2<$OLdBj$rHr$1$k$?$a$K$G$-$k$H$h$$$3$H$N$N%j%9%H$G$9(B-
>
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>
> - "$B$3$l$OJ#?t$NLdBj$r2r7h$7$^$9(B"
> - "$B$3$l$O(B2000$B9T$N%3!<%I$r:o=|$7$^$9(B"
> - "$B0J2<$N%Q%C%A$O!";d$,8@$*$&$H$7$F$$$k$3$H$r@bL@$9$k$b$N$G$9(B"
> - "$B;d$O$3$l$r(B5$B$D$N0[$J$k%"!<%-%F%/%A%c$G%F%9%H$7$?$N$G$9$,(B..."
> - "$B0J2<$O0lO"$N>.$5$J%Q%C%A72$G$9$,(B..."
> - "$B$3$l$OE57?E*$J%^%7%s$G$N@-G=$r8~>e$5$;$^$9(B.."
>
> $B$d$a$?J}$,$$$$0-$$8@$$J}!'(B
>
> - $B$3$N$d$jJ}$G(B AIX/ptx/Solaris $B$G$O$G$-$?$N$G!"$G$-$k$O$:$@(B
> - $B;d$O$3$l$r(B20$BG/$b$N4V$d$C$F$-$?!"$@$+$i(B
> - $B$3$l$O!";d$N2q<R$,6bLY$1$r$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$@(B
> - $B$3$l$O2f!9$N%(%s%?!<%W%i%$%:8~$1>&IJ%i%$%s$N$?$a$G$"$k(B
> - $B$3$l$O(B $B;d$,<+J,$N%"%$%G%#%"$r5-=R$7$?!"(B1000$B%Z!<%8$N@_7W;qNA$G$"$k(B
> - $B;d$O$3$l$K$D$$$F!"(B6$B%17n:n6H$7$F$$$k!#(B
> - $B0J2<$O(B ... $B$K4X$9$k(B5000$B9T$N%Q%C%A$G$9(B
> - $B;d$O8=:_$N$0$A$c$0$A$c$rA4It=q$-D>$7$?!"$=$l$,0J2<$G$9(B...
> - $B;d$O!:@Z$,$"$k!"$=$N$?$a$3$N%Q%C%A$O:#$9$0E,MQ$5$l$kI,MW$,$"$k(B
>
> $B%+!<%M%k%3%_%e%K%F%#$,BgItJ,$NEAE}E*$J%=%U%H%&%'%"%(%s%8%K%"%j%s%0$NO+(B
> $BF/4D6-$H0[$J$k$b$&0l$D$NE@$O!"$d$j$H$j$K4i$r9g$o$;$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#(B
> email $B$H(B irc $B$rBh0l$N%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$N7A$H$9$k0l$D$NMxE@$O!"@-JL$d(B
> $BL1B2$N:9JL$,$J$$$3$H$G$9!#(BLinux $B%+!<%M%k$N?&>l4D6-$O=w@-$d>/?tL1B2$r<u(B
> $BMF$7$^$9!#$J$<$J$i!"(Bemail $B%"%I%l%9$K$h$C$F$N$_$"$J$?$,G'<1$5$l$k$+$i$G(B
> $B$9!#(B
> $B9q:]E*$JB&LL$+$i$b3hF0NN0h$r6QEy$K$9$k$h$&$K$7$^$9!#$J$<$J$i$P!"$"$J$?(B
> $B$O?M$NL>A0$G@-JL$rA[A|$G$-$J$$$+$i$G$9!#$"$kCK@-$,(B $B%"%s%I%l%"$H$$$&L>(B
> $BA0$G!"=w@-$NL>A0$O(B $B%Q%C%H(B $B$+$b$7$l$^$;$s(B ($BLuCm(B Andrea $B$OJF9q$G$O=w@-!"(B
> $B$=$l0J30(B($B2$=#$J$I(B)$B$G$OCK@-L>$H$7$F;H$o$l$k$3$H$,B?$$!#F1MM$K!"(BPat $B$O(B
> Patricia ($B<g$K=w@-L>(B)$B$d(B Patrick ($B<g$KCK@-L>(B)$B$NN,>N(B)$B!#(B
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k$N3hF0$r$7$F!"0U8+$rI=L@$7$?$3$H$,$"$kBgItJ,$N=w@-$O!"A0(B
> $B8~$-$J7P83$r$b$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
>
> $B8@MU$NJI$O1Q8l$,F@0U$G$J$$0lIt$N?M$K$OLdBj$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
> $B%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$NCf$G$-$A$s$H%"%$%G%#%"$r8r49$9$k$K$O!"AjEv$&$^$/1Q8l(B
> $B$rA`$l$kI,MW$,$"$k$3$H$b$"$j$^$9!#$=$N$?$a!"$"$J$?$O<+J,$N%a!<%k(B
> $B$rAw$kA0$K1Q8l$G0UL#$,DL$8$F$$$k$+$r%A%'%C%/$9$k$3$H$r$*A&$a$7$^$9!#(B
>
> $BJQ99$rJ,3d$9$k(B
> ---------------------
>
> Linux $B%+!<%M%k%3%_%e%K%F%#$O!"0lEY$KBgNL$N%3!<%I$N2t$r4n$s$G<uMF$9$k$3(B
> $B$H$O$"$j$^$;$s!#JQ99$O@53N$K@bL@$5$l$kI,MW$,$"$j!"5DO@$5$l!">.$5$$!"8D(B
> $BJL$NItJ,$KJ,3d$9$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$O$3$l$^$GB?$/$N2q<R$,$d$j47$l$F(B
> $B$-$?$3$H$HA4$/@5H?BP$N$3$H$G$9!#$"$J$?$N%W%m%]!<%6%k$O!"3+H/%W%m%;%9$N$H(B
> $B$F$bAa$$CJ3,$+$i>R2p$5$l$k$Y$-$G$9!#$=$&$9$l$P(B $B$"$J$?$O<+J,$N$d$C$F$$(B
> $B$k$3$H$K%U%#!<%I%P%C%/$rF@$i$l$^$9!#$3$l$O!"%3%_%e%K%F%#$+$i$_$l$P!"$"(B
> $B$J$?$,H`$i$H0l=o$K$d$C$F$$$k$h$&$K46$8$i$l!"C1$K$"$J$?$NDs0F$9$k5!G=$N(B
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> $B$7$+$7!"0lEY$K(B 50 $B$b$N(B email $B$r%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$KAw$j$D$1$k$h$&$J$3$H$O(B
> $B$d$C$F$O$$$1$^$;$s!"$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A72$O$$$D$b$I$s$J;~$G$b$=$l$h$j$O>.$5(B
> $B$/$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
>
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>
> 1) $B>.$5$$%Q%C%A$O$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A$,E,MQ$5$l$k8+9~$_$rBg$-$/$7$^$9!"%+!<(B
> $B%M%k$N?MC#$O%Q%C%A$,@5$7$$$+$I$&$+$r3NG'$9$k;~4V$dO+NO$r$+$1$J$$$+(B
> $B$i$G$9!#(B5$B9T$N%Q%C%A$O%a%s%F%J$,$?$C$?(B1$BIC8+$k$@$1$GE,MQ$G$-$^$9!#$7(B
> $B$+$7!"(B500$B9T$N%Q%C%A$O!"@5$7$$$3$H$r%l%S%e!<$9$k$N$K?t;~4V$+$+$k$+$b(B
> $B$7$l$^$;$s(B($B;~4V$O%Q%C%A$N%5%$%:$J$I$K$h$j;X?t4X?t$KHfNc$7$F$+$+$j$^(B
> $B$9(B)
> $B>.$5$$%Q%C%A$O2?$+$"$C$?$H$-$K%G%P%C%0$b$H$F$b4JC1$K$J$j$^$9!#%Q%C(B
> $B%A$r(B1$B8D(B1$B8D<h$j=|$/$N$O!"$H$F$bBg$-$J%Q%C%A$rEv$F$?8e$K(B($B$+$D!"2?$+$*(B
> $B$+$7$/$J$C$?8e$G(B)$B2rK6$9$k$N$KHf$Y$l$P$H$F$b4JC1$G$9!#(B
>
> 2) $B>.$5$$%Q%C%A$rAw$k$@$1$G$J$/!"Aw$k$^$($K!"=q$-D>$7$F!"%7%s%W%k$K$9(B
> $B$k(B($B$b$7$/$O!"C1$K=gHV$rJQ$($k$@$1$G$b(B)$B$3$H$b!"$H$F$b=EMW$G$9!#(B
>
> $B0J2<$O%+!<%M%k3+H/<T$N(B Al Viro $B$N$?$H$(OC$7$G$9!'(B
>
> "$B@8EL$N?t3X$N=IBj$r:NE@$9$k@h@8$N$3$H$r9M$($F$_$F$/$@$5$$!"@h(B
> $B@8$O@8EL$,2r$KE~C#$9$k$^$G$N;n9T:x8m$r$_$?$$$H$O;W$o$J$$$G$7$g(B
> $B$&!#@h@8$O4J7i$J:G9b$N2r$r$_$?$$$N$G$9!#NI$$@8EL$O$3$l$rCN$C$F(B
> $B$*$j!"$=$7$F:G=*2r$NA0$NCf4V:n6H$rDs=P$9$k$3$H$O7h$7$F$J$$$N$G(B
> $B$9(B"
> $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$G$b$3$l$OF1$8$G$9!#%a%s%F%J!<C#$H%l%S%e!<%"C#$O!"(B
> $BLdBj$r2r7h$9$k2r$NGX8e$K$J$k;W9M%W%m%;%9$r$_$?$$$H$O;W$$$^$;$s!#(B
> $BH`$i$OC1=c$G$"$6$d$+$J2r7hJ}K!$r$_$?$$$N$G$9!#(B
>
> $B$"$6$d$+$J2r$r@bL@$9$k$N$H!"%3%_%e%K%F%#$H6&$K;E;v$r$7!"L$2r7h$N;E;v$r(B
> $B5DO@$9$k$3$H$N%P%i%s%9$r%-!<%W$9$k$N$OFq$7$$$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
> $B$G$9$+$i!"3+H/%W%m%;%9$NAa4|CJ3,$G2~A1$N$?$a$N%U%#!<%I%P%C%/$r$b$i$&$h(B
> $B$&$K$9$k$N$b$$$$$G$9$,!"JQ99E@$r>.$5$$ItJ,$KJ,3d$7$FA4BN$G$O$^$@40@.$7(B
> $B$F$$$J$$;E;v$r(B($BItJ,E*$K(B)$B<h$j9~$s$G$b$i$($k$h$&$K$9$k$3$H$b$$$$$3$H$G$9!#(B
>
> $B$^$?!"$G$->e$,$C$F$$$J$$$b$N$d!"(B"$B>-MhD>$9(B" $B$h$&$J%Q%C%A$r!"K\N.$K4^$a(B
> $B$F$b$i$&$h$&$KAw$C$F$b!"$=$l$O<u$1IU$1$i$l$J$$$3$H$rM}2r$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
>
> $B$"$J$?$NJQ99$r@5Ev2=$9$k(B
> -------------------
>
> $B$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A$rJ,3d$9$k$N$HF1;~$K!"$J$<$=$NJQ99$rDI2C$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J(B
> $B$$$+$r(B Linux $B%3%_%e%K%F%#$KCN$i$;$k$3$H$O$H$F$b=EMW$G$9!#?75!G=$OI,MW(B
> $B@-$HM-MQ@-$G@5Ev2=$5$l$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
>
> $B$"$J$?$NJQ99$N@bL@(B
> --------------------
>
> $B$"$J$?$N%Q%C%A$rAwIU$9$k>l9g$K$O!"%a!<%k$NCf$N%F%-%9%H$G2?$r8@$&$+$K$D(B
> $B$$$F!"FCJL$KCm0U$rJ'$C$F$/$@$5$$!#$3$N>pJs$O%Q%C%A$N(B ChangeLog $B$K;H$o(B
> $B$l!"$$$D$b3'$,$_$i$l$k$h$&$KJ]4I$5$l$^$9!#$3$l$O<!$N$h$&$J9`L\$r4^$a!"(B
> $B%Q%C%A$r40A4$K5-=R$9$k$Y$-$G$9(B-
>
> - $B$J$<JQ99$,I,MW$+(B
> - $B%Q%C%AA4BN$N@_7W%"%W%m!<%A(B
> - $B<BAu$N>\:Y(B
> - $B%F%9%H7k2L(B
>
> $B$3$l$K$D$$$FA4$F$,$I$N$h$&$K$"$k$Y$-$+$K$D$$$F$N>\:Y$O!"0J2<$N%I%-%e%a(B
> $B%s%H$N(B ChangeLog $B%;%/%7%g%s$r$_$F$/$@$5$$(B-
> "The Perfect Patch"
> http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
>
> $B$3$l$i$N$I$l$b$,!";~$K$O$H$F$b:$Fq$G$9!#$3$l$i$N47Nc$r40`z$K<B;\$9$k$K(B
> $B$O?tG/$+$+$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#$3$l$O7QB3E*$J2~A1$N%W%m%;%9$G$"$j!"$=$N$?(B
> $B$a$K$OB??t$NG&BQ$H7h0U$rI,MW$H$9$k$b$N$G$9!#$G$b!"D|$a$J$$$G!"$3$l$O2D(B
> $BG=$J$3$H$G$9!#B??t$N?M$,$9$G$K$G$-$F$$$^$9$7!"H`$i$b3':G=i$O$"$J$?$HF1(B
> $B$8$H$3$m$+$i%9%?!<%H$7$?$N$G$9$+$i!#(B
>
> Paolo Ciarrocchi $B$K46<U!"H`$OH`$N=q$$$?(B "Development Process"
> (http://linux.tar.bz/articles/2.6-development_process)$B%;%/%7%g(B
> $B%s$r$3$N%F%-%9%H$N867?$K$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
> Rundy Dunlap $B$H(B Gerrit Huizenga $B$O%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$G$d$k$Y$-$3$H$H$d$C(B
> $B$F$O$$$1$J$$$3$H$N%j%9%H$rDs6!$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
> $B0J2<$N?M!9$N%l%S%e!<!"%3%a%s%H!"9W8%$K46<U!#(B
> Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
> Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
> Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
> David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, $B$H(B Alex Shepard
> $BH`$i$N;Y1g$J$7$G$O!"$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O$G$-$J$+$C$?$G$7$g$&!#(B
>
> Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>
>
> -
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> More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
> Please read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/
>

2007-06-11 06:09:20

by Greg KH

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 07:52:28PM +0200, Sam Ravnborg wrote:
> On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 09:22:21AM -0700, Greg KH wrote:
> > > Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> > > personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> > > tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> > > authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> > > contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> > > seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> > > according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> > > people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> > > to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
> >
> > No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> > the space :)
>
> We once discussed about .po files for kconfig and back then
> the conclusion was not to keep them in the kernel tree.
>
> I advocated that they should stay out back then.
> But on the other hand I do not see it causing much troubles
> having scripts/kconfig/po/da.po etc araound.
>
> Any opinion about the .po files?

I have no objection for them to be around in the tree, it might help out
some users who want to build their own kernels, and allow the -stable
kernels to catch up on the translations.

So I would encourage their addition, if possible.

thanks,

greg 'not everyone speaks english' k-h

2007-06-11 06:09:36

by Greg KH

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 07:56:52PM +0200, Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> Greg KH wrote:
> > On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 02:24:51PM +0200, Jesper Juhl wrote:
> >> Since the common language of most kernel contributors is english I
> >> personally feel that we should stick to just that one language in the
> >> tree and then perhaps keep translations on a website somewhere. So the
> >> authoritative docs stay in the tree, in english, so that as many
> >> contributors as possible can read and update them. It would then be a
> >> seperate project to generate translations and keep them updated
> >> according to what's in the tree. Perhaps we could get the kernel.org
> >> people to create an official space for that and then place a pointer
> >> to that site in Documentation/ somewhere.
> > No, I think the translated files should be in the tree proper, we have
> > the space :)
>
> Frankly i don't see the difference between this and the annual reoccurring
> "why can't the kernel messages be localized" discussion.
> (Which is a little overdue, but maybe this replaces it this time.)

It is _vastly_ different.

> I could see the point in ONE "HOWTO" file per language to get people
> started, but everything else is a pointless exercise.
> A developer/bug-reporter has to be able to express him-/herself in English
> and understand English, otherwise you can not accomplish very much.

Yes, but this file, and the stable-api-nonsense.txt files are there to
help people understand both the kernel's philosophy, as well as
encourage them to help contribute.

That is totally different from internationalizing the internal kernel
messages (which, btw, some people are working on...) That I would not
agree to as it's just too hard to keep up with and would be pointless in
a way.

So I really do want to see a translated copy of the HOWTO,
stable-api-nonsense.txt, and possibly a few other files in the main
kernel tree (SubmittingPatches, CodingStyle, and SubmittingDrivers might
all be good canidates for this.) These files change relativly
infrequently (the HOWTO file has had only 7 changes in 1 and 1/2 years,
and they were very minor ones) and should be easy for the translators to
keep up with.

So, Tsugikazu, care to resend this file as a patch that I can apply to
the Documentation directory of the kernel tree? I think it would be
good to have there.

thanks,

greg k-h

2007-06-11 06:09:52

by Greg KH

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 11:55:57AM +0900, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki wrote:
>
> Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.
>
> BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
> ==
> This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
> Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
> And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
> is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
> JF project if you find problems in translation.
>
> It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any
> additional information, sentences. If you want to update "HOWTO", please update
> English version first. Don't fork from original if you update this file.
>
> Last Updated: 2007/06/04 Version: 2.6.21
> ==
>
> not worth writing ?

That sounds fine with me, and would be good to have. I also have no
problem also CC:ing anyone who wants to translate this file with patches
that happen to modify the originals. That way they can easily keep up
with the minor number of changes that happen over time.

thanks,

greg k-h

2007-06-11 07:24:22

by Matthias Schniedermeyer

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Greg KH wrote:
> On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 07:56:52PM +0200, Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> Greg KH wrote:
>> I could see the point in ONE "HOWTO" file per language to get people
>> started, but everything else is a pointless exercise.
>> A developer/bug-reporter has to be able to express him-/herself in English
>> and understand English, otherwise you can not accomplish very much.
>
> Yes, but this file, and the stable-api-nonsense.txt files are there to
> help people understand both the kernel's philosophy, as well as
> encourage them to help contribute.

This was the part that i understood wrong.
I thought the point was a translation of Documentation/*.

A concur that translating this small set of files could be helpful.




--
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.

2007-06-11 07:46:29

by Denys Vlasenko

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Monday 11 June 2007 02:56, Paul Mundt wrote:
> On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 01:59:00AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:
> > On Sunday 10 June 2007 20:58, Rene Herman wrote:
> > > All that stuff only serves to multiply the speed at which a fixed
> > > percentage of content obsoletes itself. When it's still new and
> > > shiny, sure, stuff will get translated but in no time at all it'll
> > > become a fragmented mess which nobody ever feels right about removing
> > > because that would be anti-social to all those poor non-english
> > > speaking kernel hackers out there.
> >
> > I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
> > to know English in order to participate in l-k development.
>
> That's a ridiculous statement. Non-native language abilities and
> technical competence have very little to do with each other. People have
> to understand the code and figure out what it is that they want to
> change. As long as this is done cleanly and the intent is obvious,
> language doesn't even factor in beyond the Signed-off-by tag. Explanation
> is necessary from time to time, but it really depends on the area in
> which someone is working. If it's a complicated and involved change, then
> of course it takes a bit more effort on both sides, but that doesn't
> invalidate the importance or necessity of the work.

Point me to one person who doesn't know English at all
and who has successfully participated in l-k devel.

I'm not saying that non-English should banned or something.
In Kconfig it can even make sense. A section on kernel.org
where people can put translations is also a good idea.
I can still think that it is almost useless activity,
but who knows, maybe I'm wrong.

Just not Documentation/<lang>/* thing and no i18n of printks.
--
vda

2007-06-11 08:35:59

by Paul Mundt

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 09:46:11AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:
> On Monday 11 June 2007 02:56, Paul Mundt wrote:
> > That's a ridiculous statement. Non-native language abilities and
> > technical competence have very little to do with each other. People have
> > to understand the code and figure out what it is that they want to
> > change. As long as this is done cleanly and the intent is obvious,
> > language doesn't even factor in beyond the Signed-off-by tag. Explanation
> > is necessary from time to time, but it really depends on the area in
> > which someone is working. If it's a complicated and involved change, then
> > of course it takes a bit more effort on both sides, but that doesn't
> > invalidate the importance or necessity of the work.
>
> Point me to one person who doesn't know English at all
> and who has successfully participated in l-k devel.
>
There are entire architectures that have been merged and maintained by
folks who speak little to no english, for example. I'll let you figure
out which ones. Many drivers and such, too. Perhaps you've simply never
noticed since these folks tend not to be terribly vocal.

This is not to say that there aren't communication barriers, but things
do gradually get done in any case.

> I'm not saying that non-English should banned or something.
> In Kconfig it can even make sense. A section on kernel.org
> where people can put translations is also a good idea.
> I can still think that it is almost useless activity,
> but who knows, maybe I'm wrong.
>
> Just not Documentation/<lang>/* thing and no i18n of printks.

Documentation/* is in enough disarray as it is, I think it's worth having
more people looking at it and verifying that things are up to date and
accurate, regardless of what language they happen to be working in.

Kconfig localization (is is that time of year already?) is another
problem entirely, and one that doesn't have a lot of chance of being kept
up to date. Documentation/* on the other hand isn't terribly prone to
heavy modification, I'd wager most people would rather be lining up to
voluntarily rewrite the floppy driver than even accidentally cd in to
Documentation/. In any event, the rate of change is far lower, and people
at least have a chance of keeping translations updated.

Documentation is one area where we simply suck, the more people working
on it, the better.

2007-06-11 08:45:37

by Hiro Yoshioka

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Hi,

Shibata san's contribution was really great. I was impressed too.

I think the important point is that Shibata san let the
linux kernel community knows the translation work has been done
and ask the feedback.

I think this two way communication is very important.

On 6/11/07, Greg KH <[email protected]> wrote:
> On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 11:55:57AM +0900, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki wrote:
> >
> > Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.
> >
> > BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
> > ==
> > This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
> > Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
> > And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> > and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
> > is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
> > JF project if you find problems in translation.
> >
> > It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any
> > additional information, sentences. If you want to update "HOWTO", please update
> > English version first. Don't fork from original if you update this file.
> >
> > Last Updated: 2007/06/04 Version: 2.6.21
> > ==
> >
> > not worth writing ?
>
> That sounds fine with me, and would be good to have. I also have no
> problem also CC:ing anyone who wants to translate this file with patches
> that happen to modify the originals. That way they can easily keep up
> with the minor number of changes that happen over time.

I think that some members of YLUG (Yokohama Linux Users Group)
may help to review the translations. :-)

Regards,
Hiro
--
Hiro Yoshioka
mailto:hyoshiok at miraclelinux.com

2007-06-11 09:11:51

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On 06/11/2007 02:56 AM, Paul Mundt wrote:

> On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 01:59:00AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:

>> I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
>> to know English in order to participate in l-k development.
>
> That's a ridiculous statement. Non-native language abilities and
> technical competence have very little to do with each other.

That sounds nice maybe but it's actually simply false. Natural language
abilities and computer language abilities are very much related.

You also seem to ignore the other point that you don't _want_ to have
significant groups of people go off in different directions and not
communicate other than by a few selected interpreters. Here, as in most
situations, communication is something to promote, not something you want to
make easier to avoid.

I see your linux-sh address which seems to point embedded-wise? Really need
even better examples of significant groups of developers going off in
different directions, not communicating and not doing Linux or themselves a
favour?

> I suggest you step outside of your box and spend more time working with
> people who speak little to none of the languages you understand.

And I suggest the first thing they learn about Linux is enough English. Many
did.

Rene.

2007-06-11 09:31:52

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: kconfig .po files in kernel tree? [Was: Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese]

On 06/11/2007 02:14 AM, Adrian Bunk wrote:

> On Mon, Jun 11, 2007 at 01:59:00AM +0200, Denis Vlasenko wrote:

>> I agree. i18n efforts won't help one iota because people just have
>> to know English in order to participate in l-k development.
>> They should be able to read _and_ reply_ to lkml posts,
>> and read and understnd code _and_ comments_.
>> ...
>
> Kconfig is different since the target audience and the majority of users
> are not kernel developers.

Well, hardly. The percentages quoted vary wildly with the point someone is
trying to make but "user users" are expected to just use whatever their
distribution provided them with meaning the Kconfig target audience is
developers and "power users". Enough of the latter around certainly but I
have no indication whatsoever that a significant number of them is lost in
the water without Kconfig translations either.

Internationalization is not very useful, has great potential to introduce
even more chronically bit-rotting content and is finally counter-productive
in maintaining a non-forking single community, at least in so far as it is
today. One should spit on internationalization.

Rene.

2007-06-11 10:21:41

by Qi Yong

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On 11/06/07, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <[email protected]> wrote:
>
> Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.
>
> BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
> ==
> This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
> Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
> And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
> is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
> JF project if you find problems in translation.
>
> It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any

There are language problems, like s/contains/contain/. The author
please try fixing them at the fist place instead of adding jobs to
janitors.

> additional information, sentences. If you want to update "HOWTO", please update
> English version first. Don't fork from original if you update this file.
>
> Last Updated: 2007/06/04 Version: 2.6.21
> ==
>
> not worth writing ?
>
> -Kame

--
Qi Yong

2007-06-11 10:46:28

by Kamezawa Hiroyuki

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Mon, 11 Jun 2007 18:21:30 +0800
"Qi Yong" <[email protected]> wrote:

> On 11/06/07, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <[email protected]> wrote:
> >
> > Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.
> >
> > BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
> > ==
> > This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
> > Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
> > And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
> > and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
> > is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
> > JF project if you find problems in translation.
> >
> > It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any
>
> There are language problems, like s/contains/contain/. The author
> please try fixing them at the fist place instead of adding jobs to
> janitors.
>
Oh, sorry. I know I have language problem for years.
My doc itself is of-no-use, I know. They will write their own by themselves.

-Kame

2007-06-11 11:20:27

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On 06/11/2007 12:46 PM, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki wrote:

> "Qi Yong" <[email protected]> wrote:
>
>> On 11/06/07, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <[email protected]> wrote:
>>> Hi, thank you for your work. I was impressed.
>>>
>>> BTW, how about adding following lines (both in Japanese and English) ?
>>> ==
>>> This is translated "HOWTO" documentation. Original "HOWTO" is maintaind by
>>> Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]> and linux kernal mailing list.
>>> And this one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
>>> and JF Projet <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>. Because original HOWTO documentation itself
>>> is being updated day and night, this file may contain old sentences. Please contact
>>> JF project if you find problems in translation.
>>>
>>> It is guaranteed that this file is just a translation and doesn't contains any
>> There are language problems, like s/contains/contain/. The author
>> please try fixing them at the fist place instead of adding jobs to
>> janitors.
>>
> Oh, sorry. I know I have language problem for years.
> My doc itself is of-no-use, I know. They will write their own by themselves.

Please don't say that -- I perfectly understood what you were saying and as
such it was of perfect use. There's a large number of non-native English
speakers around the Linux kernel and noone is expected to write flawless
English (that's including native speakers in fact).

Getting a native speaker to clean up grammer and spelling is fine ofcourse
as it's makes for a lower effort read for many others but please don't say
that something which isn't flawlessly spelled is of no use. As long as the
content is clear, it's of great use!

Rene.

2007-06-11 11:27:22

by Kamezawa Hiroyuki

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Mon, 11 Jun 2007 13:16:56 +0200
Rene Herman <[email protected]> wrote:


> > Oh, sorry. I know I have language problem for years.
> > My doc itself is of-no-use, I know. They will write their own by themselves.
>
> Please don't say that -- I perfectly understood what you were saying and as
> such it was of perfect use. There's a large number of non-native English
> speakers around the Linux kernel and noone is expected to write flawless
> English (that's including native speakers in fact).
>
> Getting a native speaker to clean up grammer and spelling is fine ofcourse
> as it's makes for a lower effort read for many others but please don't say
> that something which isn't flawlessly spelled is of no use. As long as the
> content is clear, it's of great use!
>
Thank you.

But I know my grammar-check skill is not so good. I should make it better.
I always thank all commenters who fix my sentences.

Regards,
-Kame

2007-06-11 11:37:34

by Rene Herman

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On 06/11/2007 01:28 PM, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki wrote:

> Rene Herman <[email protected]> wrote:

>> Please don't say that -- I perfectly understood what you were saying and as
>> such it was of perfect use. There's a large number of non-native English
>> speakers around the Linux kernel and noone is expected to write flawless
>> English (that's including native speakers in fact).
>>
>> Getting a native speaker to clean up grammer and spelling is fine ofcourse
>> as it's makes for a lower effort read for many others but please don't say

Case in point -- s/it's/it/

>> that something which isn't flawlessly spelled is of no use. As long as the
>> content is clear, it's of great use!
>>
> Thank you.
>
> But I know my grammar-check skill is not so good. I should make it better.
> I always thank all commenters who fix my sentences.

It used to be customary at least on usenet to add "(sp?)" to a word you
weren't certain about but it never worked for me. When I indicated I wanted
to be acked/naked like that I really did but it was always just ignored.
That in itself is enough indication of how deeply people care about spelling
in technical content...

Rene.

2007-06-11 13:44:15

by Matt Mackall

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Sun, Jun 10, 2007 at 11:07:59PM -0700, Greg KH wrote:
> So, Tsugikazu, care to resend this file as a patch that I can apply to
> the Documentation directory of the kernel tree? I think it would be
> good to have there.

I'd rather have a single file, marked "Japanese" (in Japanese), that
had pointers to current translations. These will always be at least as
current as whatever we have in the tree, if not more so. Especially
when someone is trying to figure out how to work based on the year-old
kernel their embedded vendor gave them.

Further, it might be good for someone to be the "Japanese maintainer".
This person's job would be to accept patches from non-English-speaking
contributors, translate their commit messages and comments, then
forward them to the appropriate places (Andrew, subsystem maintainers,
LKML, etc.). They should also distill and translate feedback.

--
Mathematics is the supreme nostalgia of our time.

2007-06-11 17:38:28

by Tony Luck

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

> I'd rather have a single file, marked "Japanese" (in Japanese), that
> had pointers to current translations. These will always be at least as
> current as whatever we have in the tree, if not more so. Especially
> when someone is trying to figure out how to work based on the year-old
> kernel their embedded vendor gave them.

Knowing whether a translation is current or not would be useful ... perhaps
the translated files could include the GIT blob SHA1 of the version they
were translated from (and some human readable version string too :-)
This would allow someone reading the documentation to know whether
is really was current. If it isn't, it provides an easy path to see what
changed in the source document since the translation was made. This
same diff should lighten the load for people maintaining the translation.

-Tony

2007-06-12 00:59:34

by Tsugikazu Shibata

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>

diff -uNpr linux-2.6.22-rc4.orig/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO linux-2.6.22-rc4/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO
--- linux-2.6.22-rc4.orig/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO 1970-01-01 09:00:00.000000000 +0900
+++ linux-2.6.22-rc4/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO 2007-06-12 09:35:50.000000000 +0900
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+NOTE:
+This is Japanese translated version of "Documentation/HOWTO".
+This one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
+and JF Project team <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>.
+If you find difference with original file or problem in translation,
+please contact maintainer of this file or JF project.
+
+Please also note that purpose of this file is easier to read for non
+English natives and not to be intended to fork. So, if you have any
+comments or updates of this file, please try to update Original(English)
+file at first.
+
+Last Updated: 2007/06/04
+==================================
+$B$3$l$O!"(B
Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>

+linux-2.6.21/Documentation/HOWTO
+$B$NOBLu$G$9!#(B
+
+$BK]LuCDBN!'(B JF $B%W%m%8%'%/%H(B < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
+$BK]LuF|!'(B 2007/06/04
+$BK]Lu<T!'(B Tsugikazu Shibata <tshibata at ab dot jp dot nec dot com>
+$B9;@5<T!'(B $B>>AR$5$s(B <nbh--mats at nifty dot com>
+ $B>.NS(B $B2mE5$5$s(B (Masanori Kobayasi) <zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp>
+ $BIp0f?-8w$5$s!"(B<takei at webmasters dot gr dot jp>
+ $B$+$M$3$5$s(B (Seiji Kaneko) <skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp>
+ $BLn8}$5$s(B (Kenji Noguchi) <tokyo246 at gmail dot com>
+ $B2OFb$5$s(B (Takayoshi Kochi) <t-kochi at bq dot jp dot nec dot com>
+ $B4dK\$5$s(B (iwamoto) <iwamoto.kn at ncos dot nec dot co dot jp>
+==================================
+
+Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$N$d$jJ}(B
+-------------------------------
+
+$B$3$l$O>e$N%H%T%C%/(B( Linux $B%+!<%M%k3+H/$N$d$jJ}(B)$B$N=EMW$J;vJA$rLVMe$7$?(B
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+
+$B$O$8$a$K(B
+---------
+
+$B$"$J$?$O!!(BLinux $B%+!<%M%k$N3+H/<T$K$J$kJ}K!$r3X$S$?$$$N$G$7$g$&$+!)!!$=(B
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+ -$B!X%W%m%0%i%_%s%08@8l#CBh(B2$BHG!Y(B(B.W. $B%+!<%K%O%s(B/D.M. $B%j%C%A!<Cx(B $B@PED@25WLu(B) [$B6&N)=PHG(B]
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+--------------------
+
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+ http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
+
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+
+Paolo Ciarrocchi $B$K46<U!"H`$OH`$N=q$$$?(B "Development Process"
+(http://linux.tar.bz/articles/2.6-development_process)$B%;%/%7%g(B
+$B%s$r$3$N%F%-%9%H$N867?$K$9$k$3$H$r5v2D$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
+Rundy Dunlap $B$H(B Gerrit Huizenga $B$O%a!<%j%s%0%j%9%H$G$d$k$Y$-$3$H$H$d$C(B
+$B$F$O$$$1$J$$$3$H$N%j%9%H$rDs6!$7$F$/$l$^$7$?!#(B
+$B0J2<$N?M!9$N%l%S%e!<!"%3%a%s%H!"9W8%$K46<U!#(B
+Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
+Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
+Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
+David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, $B$H(B Alex Shepard
+$BH`$i$N;Y1g$J$7$G$O!"$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O$G$-$J$+$C$?$G$7$g$&!#(B
+
+Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>


Attachments:
add-japanese-howto.patch (33.09 kB)

2007-06-12 01:11:27

by Munehiro Ikeda

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

>From 99e9f85036418b0f30825f4635bb224b592be57c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: IKEDA, Munehiro <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2007 09:46:04 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] add Japanese translated stable_api_nonsense.txt

This is first trial to merge translated documentations into the mainline.
The directory where the file is should be discussed.
---
Documentation/ja_JP/stable_api_nonsense.txt | 263 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 files changed, 263 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/ja_JP/stable_api_nonsense.txt b/Documentation/ja_JP/stable_api_nonsense.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b130e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ja_JP/stable_api_nonsense.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+NOTE:
+This is a Japanese translated version of
+"Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt".
+This one is maintained by
+IKEDA, Munehiro <[email protected]>
+and JF Project team <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/>.
+If you find difference with original file or problem in translation,
+please contact the maintainer of this file or JF project.
+
+Please also note that purpose of this file is easier to read for non
+English natives and not to be intended to fork. So, if you have any
+comments or updates of this file, please try to update
+Original(English) file at first.
+
+==================================
+これは、
+linux-2.6.22-rc4/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt の和蚳
+です。
+翻蚳団䜓 JF プロゞェクト < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
+翻蚳日  2007/06/11
+原著䜜者: Greg Kroah-Hartman < greg at kroah dot com >
+翻蚳者  池田 宗広 < m-ikeda at ds dot jp dot nec dot com >
+校正者  Masanori Kobayashi さん < zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp >
+ Seiji Kaneko さん < skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp >
+==================================
+
+
+
+Linux カヌネルのドラむバむンタヌフェヌス
+あなたの質問すべおに察する回答ずその他諞々
+
+Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg at kroah dot com>
+
+
+この文曞は、なぜ Linux ではバむナリカヌネルむンタヌフェヌスが定矩
+されおいないのか、たたはなぜ䞍倉のカヌネルむンタヌフェヌスを持たな
+いのか、ずいうこずを説明するために曞かれた。ここでの話題は「カヌネ
+ル内郚の」むンタヌフェヌスに぀いおであり、ナヌザヌ空間ずのむンタヌ
+フェヌスではないこずを理解しおほしい。カヌネルずナヌザヌ空間ずのむ
+ンタヌフェヌスずはアプリケヌションプログラムが䜿甚するものであり、
+぀たりシステムコヌルのむンタヌフェヌスがこれに圓たる。これは今たで
+長きに枡り、か぀今埌も「たさしく」䞍倉である。私は確か 0.9 か䜕か
+より前のカヌネルを䜿っおビルドした叀いプログラムを持っおいるが、そ
+れは最新の 2.6 カヌネルでもきちんず動䜜する。ナヌザヌ空間ずのむン
+タヌフェヌスは、ナヌザヌずアプリケヌションプログラマが䞍倉性を信頌
+しおよいものの䞀぀である。
+
+
+芁旚
+----
+
+あなたは䞍倉のカヌネルむンタヌフェヌスが必芁だず考えおいるかもしれ
+ないが、実際のずころはそうではない。あなたは必芁ずしおいるものが分
+かっおいない。あなたが必芁ずしおいるものは安定しお動䜜するドラむバ
+であり、それはドラむバがメむンのカヌネルツリヌに含たれる堎合のみ埗
+るこずができる。ドラむバがメむンのカヌネルツリヌに含たれおいるず、
+他にも倚くの良いこずがある。それは、Linux をより匷固で、安定な、成
+熟したオペレヌティングシステムにするこずができるずいうこずだ。これ
+こそ、そもそもあなたが Linux を䜿う理由のはずだ。
+
+
+はじめに
+--------
+
+カヌネル内郚のむンタヌフェヌス倉曎を心配しなければならないドラむバ
+を曞きたいなどずいうのは、倉わり者だけだ。この䞖界のほずんどの人は、
+そのようなドラむバがどんなむンタヌフェヌスを䜿っおいるかなど知らな
+いし、そんなドラむバのこずなど党く気にもかけおいない。
+
+
+たず初めに、クロヌズ゜ヌスずか、゜ヌスコヌドの隠蔜ずか、バむナリの
+みが配垃される䜿い物にならない代物[蚳泚(1)]ずか、実䜓はバむナリ
+コヌドでそれを読み蟌むためのラッパヌ郚分のみ゜ヌスコヌドが公開され
+おいるずか、その他甚語は䜕であれ GPL の䞋に゜ヌスコヌドがリリヌス
+されおいないカヌネルドラむバに関する法的な問題に぀いお、私は「いか
+なる議論も」行う぀もりがない。法的な疑問があるのならば、プログラマ
+である私ではなく、匁護士に盞談しお欲しい。ここでは単に、技術的な問
+題に぀いお述べるこずにする。法的な問題を軜芖しおいるわけではない。
+それらは実際に存圚するし、あなたはそれをい぀も気にかけおおく必芁が
+ある
+
+蚳泚(1)
+「䜿い物にならない代物」の原文は "blob"
+
+
+さおここでは、バむナリカヌネルむンタヌフェヌスに぀いおず、゜ヌスレ
+ベルでのむンタヌフェヌスの䞍倉性に぀いお、ずいう二぀の話題を取り䞊
+げる。この二぀は互いに䟝存する関係にあるが、たずはバむナリむンタヌ
+フェヌスに぀いお議論を行いやっ぀けおしたおう。
+
+
+バむナリカヌネルむンタヌフェヌス
+--------------------------------
+
+もし゜ヌスレベルでのむンタヌフェヌスが䞍倉ならば、バむナリむンタヌ
+フェヌスも圓然のように䞍倉である、ずいうのは正しいだろうか正しく
+ない。Linux カヌネルに関する以䞋の事実を考えおみおほしい。
+ - あなたが䜿甚するコンパむラのバヌゞョンによっお、カヌネル内郚
+ の構造䜓の配眮構造は異なったものになる。たた、関数は異なった方
+ 法でカヌネルに含たれるこずになるかもしれない䟋えばむンラむン
+ 関数ずしお扱われたり、扱われなかったりする。個々の関数がどの
+ ようにコンパむルされるかはそれほど重芁ではないが、構造䜓のパデ
+ ィングが異なるずいうのは非垞に重芁である。
+ - あなたがカヌネルのビルドオプションをどのように蚭定するかによっ
+ お、カヌネルには広い範囲で異なった事態が起こり埗る。
+ - デヌタ構造は異なるデヌタフィヌルドを持぀かもしれない
+ - いく぀かの関数は党く実装されおいない状態になり埗る
+ 䟋SMP向けではないビルドでは、いく぀かのロックは䞭身が
+ カラにコンパむルされる
+ - カヌネル内のメモリは、異なった方法で配眮され埗る。これはビ
+ ルドオプションに䟝存しおいる。
+ - Linux は様々な異なるプロセッサアヌキテクチャ䞊で動䜜する。
+ あるアヌキテクチャ甚のバむナリドラむバを、他のアヌキテクチャで
+ 正垞に動䜜させる方法はない。
+
+
+ある特定のカヌネル蚭定を䜿甚し、カヌネルをビルドしたのず正確に同じ
+コンパむラを䜿甚しお単にカヌネルモゞュヌルをコンパむルするだけで
+も、あなたはこれらいく぀もの問題に盎面するこずになる。ある特定の
+Linux ディストリビュヌションの、ある特定のリリヌスバヌゞョン甚にモ
+ゞュヌルを提䟛しようず思っただけでも、これらの問題を匕き起こすには
+十分である。にも関わらず Linux ディストリビュヌションの数ず、サ
+ポヌトするディストリビュヌションのリリヌス数を掛け算し、それら䞀぀
+䞀぀に぀いおビルドを行ったずしたら、今床はリリヌスごずのビルドオプ
+ションの違いずいう悪倢にすぐさた悩たされるこずになる。たた、ディス
+トリビュヌションの各リリヌスバヌゞョンには、異なるハヌドりェアプ
+ロセッサタむプや皮々のオプションに察応するため、䜕皮類かのカヌネ
+ルが含たれおいるずいうこずも理解しお欲しい。埓っお、ある䞀぀のリ
+リヌスバヌゞョンだけのためにモゞュヌルを䜜成する堎合でも、あなたは
+䜕バヌゞョンものモゞュヌルを甚意しなければならない。
+
+
+信じお欲しい。このような方法でサポヌトを続けようずするなら、あなた
+はいずれ正気を倱うだろう。遠い昔、私はそれがいかに困難なこずか、身
+をもっお孊んだのだ・・・
+
+
+䞍倉のカヌネル゜ヌスレベルむンタヌフェヌス
+------------------------------------------
+
+メむンカヌネルツリヌに含たれおいない Linux カヌネルドラむバを継続
+しおサポヌトしおいこうずしおいる人たちずの議論においおは、これは極
+めお「匕火性の高い」話題である。[蚳泚(2)]
+
+蚳泚(2)
+「匕火性の高い」の原文は "volatile"。
+volatile には「揮発性の」「爆発しやすい」ずいう意味の他、「倉わり
+やすい」「移り気な」ずいう意味がある。
+「この話題は爆発的に激しい論争を巻き起こしかねない」ずいうこず
+を、「カヌネルの゜ヌスレベルむンタヌフェヌスは移ろい行くもので
+ある」ずいうこずを連想させる "volatile" ずいう単語で衚珟しおいる。
+
+
+Linux カヌネルの開発は継続的に速いペヌスで行われ、決しお歩みを緩め
+るこずがない。その䞭でカヌネル開発者達は、珟状のむンタヌフェヌスに
+あるバグを芋぀け、より良い方法を考え出す。圌らはやがお、珟状のむン
+タヌフェヌスがより正しく動䜜するように修正を行う。その過皋で関数の
+名前は倉曎されるかもしれず、構造䜓は倧きく、たたは小さくなるかもし
+れず、関数の匕数は怜蚎しなおされるかもしれない。そのような堎合、匕
+き続き党おが正垞に動䜜するよう、カヌネル内でこれらのむンタヌフェヌ
+スを䜿甚しおいる個所も党お同時に修正される。
+
+
+具䜓的な䟋ずしお、カヌネル内の USB むンタヌフェヌスを挙げる。USB
+サブシステムはこれたでに少なくずも回の曞き盎しが行われ、その結果
+むンタヌフェヌスが倉曎された。これらの曞き盎しはいく぀かの異なった
+問題を修正するために行われた。
+ - 同期的デヌタストリヌムが非同期に倉曎された。これにより倚数のド
+ ラむバを単玔化でき、党おのドラむバのスルヌプットが向䞊した。今
+ やほずんど党おの USB デバむスは、考えられる最高の速床で動䜜し
+ おいる。
+ - USB ドラむバが USB サブシステムのコアから行う、デヌタパケット
+ 甚のメモリ確保方法が倉曎された。これに䌎い、いく぀もの文曞化さ
+ れたデッドロック条件を回避するため、党おの USB ドラむバはより
+ 倚くの情報を USB コアに提䟛しなければならないようになっおいる。
+
+
+このできごずは、数倚く存圚するクロヌズ゜ヌスのオペレヌティングシス
+テムずは党く察照的だ。それらは長期に枡り叀い USB むンタヌフェヌス
+をメンテナンスしなければならない。叀いむンタヌフェヌスが残るこずで、
+新たな開発者が偶然叀いむンタヌフェヌスを䜿い、正しくない方法で開発
+を行っおしたう可胜性が生じる。これによりシステムの安定性は危険にさ
+らされるこずになる。
+
+
+䞊に挙げたどちらの䟋においおも、開発者達はその倉曎が重芁か぀必芁で
+あるこずに合意し、比范的楜にそれを実行した。もし Linux が゜ヌスレ
+ベルでむンタヌフェヌスの䞍倉性を保蚌しなければならないずしたら、新
+しいむンタヌフェヌスを䜜るず同時に、叀い、問題のある方を今埌ずもメ
+ンテナンスするずいう䜙蚈な仕事を USB の開発者にさせなければならな
+い。Linux の USB 開発者は、自分の時間を䜿っお仕事をしおいる。よっ
+お、䟡倀のない䜙蚈な仕事を報酬もなしに実行しろず蚀うこずはできない。
+
+
+セキュリティ問題も、Linux にずっおは非垞に重芁である。ひずたびセキ
+ュリティに関する問題が発芋されれば、それは極めお短期間のうちに修正
+される。セキュリティ問題の発生を防ぐための修正は、カヌネルの内郚む
+ンタヌフェヌスの倉曎を䜕床も匕き起こしおきた。その際同時に、倉曎さ
+れたむンタヌフェヌスを䜿甚する党おのドラむバもたた倉曎された。これ
+により問題が解消し、将来偶然に問題が再発しおしたわないこずが保蚌さ
+れる。もし内郚むンタヌフェヌスの倉曎が蚱されないずしたら、このよう
+にセキュリティ問題を修正し、将来再発しないこずを保蚌するこずなど䞍
+可胜なのだ。
+
+
+カヌネルのむンタヌフェヌスは時が経぀に぀れクリヌンナップを受ける。
+誰も䜿っおいないむンタヌフェヌスは削陀される。これにより、可胜な限
+りカヌネルが小さく保たれ、珟圹の党おのむンタヌフェヌスが可胜な限り
+テストされるこずを保蚌しおいるのだ。䜿われおいないむンタヌフェヌ
+スの劥圓性をテストするこずは䞍可胜ず蚀っおいいだろう
+
+
+
+これから䜕をすべきか
+-----------------------
+
+では、もしメむンのカヌネルツリヌに含たれない Linux カヌネルドラむ
+バがあったずしお、あなたは、぀たり開発者は䜕をするべきだろうか党
+おのディストリビュヌションの党おのカヌネルバヌゞョン向けにバむナリ
+のドラむバを䟛絊するこずは悪倢であり、カヌネルむンタヌフェヌスの倉
+曎を远いかけ続けるこずもたた過酷な仕事だ。
+
+
+答えは簡単。そのドラむバをメむンのカヌネルツリヌに入れおしたえばよ
+い。ここで蚀及しおいるのは、GPL に埓っお公開されるドラむバのこず
+だずいうこずに泚意しおほしい。あなたのコヌドがそれに該圓しないなら
+ば、さよなら。幞運を祈りたす。ご自分で䜕ずかしおください。Andrew
+ず Linus からのコメントAndrew ず Linus のコメントぞのリンクをこ
+こに眮くをどうぞドラむバがメむンツリヌに入れば、カヌネルのむン
+タヌフェヌスが倉曎された堎合、倉曎を行った開発者によっおドラむバも
+修正されるこずになるだろう。あなたはほずんど劎力を払うこずなしに、
+垞にビルド可胜できちんず動䜜するドラむバを手に入れるこずができる。
+
+
+ドラむバをメむンのカヌネルツリヌに入れるず、非垞に奜たしい以䞋の効
+果がある。
+ - ドラむバの品質が向䞊する䞀方で、元の開発者にずっおのメンテ
+ ナンスコストは䞋がる。
+ - あなたのドラむバに他の開発者が機胜を远加しおくれる。
+ - 誰かがあなたのドラむバにあるバグを芋぀け、修正しおくれる。
+ - 誰かがあなたのドラむバにある改善点を芋぀けおくれる。
+ - 倖郚むンタヌフェヌスが倉曎されドラむバの曎新が必芁になった堎合、
+ 誰かがあなたの代わりに曎新しおくれる。
+ - ドラむバを入れおくれずディストロに頌たなくおも、そのドラむバは
+ 党おの Linux ディストリビュヌションに自動的に含たれおリリヌス
+ される。
+
+
+Linux では、他のどのオペレヌティングシステムよりも数倚くのデバむス
+が「そのたた」䜿甚できるようになった。たた Linux は、どのオペレヌ
+ティングシステムよりも数倚くのプロセッサアヌキテクチャ䞊でそれらの
+デバむスを䜿甚するこずができるようにもなった。このように、Linux の
+開発モデルは実蚌されおおり、今埌も間違いなく正しい方向ぞず進んでい
+くだろう。:)
+
+
+
+------
+
+この文曞の初期の草皿に察し、Randy Dunlap, Andrew Morton, David
+Brownell, Hanna Linder, Robert Love, Nishanth Aravamudan から査読
+ず助蚀を頂きたした。感謝申し䞊げたす。
+
--
1.4.4.4


Attachments:
add-Japanese-translated-stable_api_nonsense.txt.patch (17.12 kB)

2007-06-12 07:53:31

by Junio C Hamano

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]> writes:

> On Sun, 10 Jun 2007 23:07:59 -0700, gregkh wrote:
> ...
>> So, Tsugikazu, care to resend this file as a patch that I can apply to
>> the Documentation directory of the kernel tree? I think it would be
>> good to have there.
>
> Here is a patch of Japanese translated HOWTO.
> Thank you very much for lots of comment and suggestions.>all
> Bellow is what I have done:
>
> - Added Hiroyuki's comment with my own modifications as top notes.
> - Character encoding is UTF-8

Oops? I still see iso-2022-jp...

> Content-Type: Text/Plain; charset=iso-2022-jp
> Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
> Content-Disposition: inline; filename="add-japanese-howto.patch"


2007-06-12 08:45:26

by Munehiro Ikeda

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

>From a42bd921c7595c6bdbfb650e474a2564ca5db762 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2007 17:16:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] add japanese howto

Signed-off-by: Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
---
Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO | 650 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 files changed, 650 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO b/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2446a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ja_JP/HOWTO
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+NOTE:
+This is Japanese translated version of "Documentation/HOWTO".
+This one is maintained by Tsugikazu Shibata <[email protected]>
+and JF Project team <http://www.linux.or.jp/JF>.
+If you find difference with original file or problem in translation,
+please contact maintainer of this file or JF project.
+
+Please also note that purpose of this file is easier to read for non
+English natives and not to be intended to fork. So, if you have any
+comments or updates of this file, please try to update Original(English)
+file at first.
+
+Last Updated: 2007/06/04
+==================================
+これは、
+linux-2.6.21/Documentation/HOWTO
+の和蚳です。
+
+翻蚳団䜓 JF プロゞェクト < http://www.linux.or.jp/JF/ >
+翻蚳日 2007/06/04
+翻蚳者 Tsugikazu Shibata <tshibata at ab dot jp dot nec dot com>
+校正者 束倉さん <nbh--mats at nifty dot com>
+ 小林 雅兞さん (Masanori Kobayasi) <zap03216 at nifty dot ne dot jp>
+ 歊井䌞光さん、<takei at webmasters dot gr dot jp>
+ かねこさん (Seiji Kaneko) <skaneko at a2 dot mbn dot or dot jp>
+ 野口さん (Kenji Noguchi) <tokyo246 at gmail dot com>
+ 河内さん (Takayoshi Kochi) <t-kochi at bq dot jp dot nec dot com>
+ 岩本さん (iwamoto) <iwamoto.kn at ncos dot nec dot co dot jp>
+==================================
+
+Linux カヌネル開発のやり方
+-------------------------------
+
+これは䞊のトピック( Linux カヌネル開発のやり方)の重芁な事柄を網矅した
+ドキュメントです。ここには Linux カヌネル開発者になるための方法ず
+Linux カヌネル開発コミュニティず共に掻動するやり方を孊ぶ方法が含たれお
+いたす。カヌネルプログラミングに関する技術的な項目に関するこずは䜕も含
+めないようにしおいたすが、カヌネル開発者ずなるための正しい方向に向かう
+手助けになりたす。
+
+もし、このドキュメントのどこかが叀くなっおいた堎合には、このドキュメン
+トの最埌にリストしたメンテナヌにパッチを送っおください。
+
+はじめに
+---------
+
+あなたは Linux カヌネルの開発者になる方法を孊びたいのでしょうか そ
+れずもあなたは䞊叞から「このデバむスの Linux ドラむバを曞くように」ず
+蚀われおいるのでしょうか 
+この文曞の目的は、あなたが螏むべき手順ず、コミュニティず䞀緒にうたく働
+くヒントを曞き䞋すこずで、あなたが知るべき党おのこずを教えるこずです。
+たた、このコミュニティがなぜ今うたくたわっおいるのかずいう理由の䞀郚も
+説明しようず詊みおいたす。
+
+カヌネルは 少量のアヌキテクチャ䟝存郚分がアセンブリ蚀語で曞かれおいる
+以倖は倧郚分は C 蚀語で曞かれおいたす。C蚀語をよく理解しおいるこずはカヌ
+ネル開発者には必芁です。アヌキテクチャ向けの䜎レベル郚分の開発をするの
+でなければ、(どんなアヌキテクチャでも)アセンブリ(蚳泚: 蚀語)は必芁あり
+たせん。以䞋の本は、C 蚀語の十分な知識や䜕幎もの経隓に取っお代わるもの
+ではありたせんが、少なくずもリファレンスずしおはいい本です。
+ - "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall]
+ -『プログラミング蚀語第2版』(B.W. カヌニハン/D.M. リッチヌ著 石田晎久蚳) [共立出版]
+ - "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly]
+ - 『C実践プログラミング第3版』(Steve Oualline著 望月康叞監蚳 谷口功蚳) [オラむリヌゞャパン]
+ - "C: A Reference Manual" by Harbison and Steele [Prentice Hall]
+ - 『新・詳説 C 蚀語 H&S リファレンス』
+ (サミュ゚ル P ハヌビ゜ン/ガむ L スティヌル共著 斉藀 信男監蚳)[゜フトバンク]
+
+カヌネルは GNU C ず GNU ツヌルチェむンを䜿っお曞かれおいたす。カヌネル
+は ISO C89 仕様に準拠しお曞く䞀方で、暙準には無い蚀語拡匵を倚く䜿っお
+いたす。カヌネルは暙準 C ラむブラリずは関係がないずいった、C 蚀語フリヌ
+スタンディング環境です。そのため、C の暙準で䜿えないものもありたす。任
+意の long long の陀算や浮動小数点は䜿えたせん。
+ずきどき、カヌネルがツヌルチェむンや C 蚀語拡匵に眮いおいる前提がどう
+なっおいるのかわかりにくいこずがあり、たた、残念なこずに決定的なリファ
+レンスは存圚したせん。情報を埗るには、gcc の info ペヌゞ( info gcc )を
+みおください。
+
+あなたは既存の開発コミュニティず䞀緒に䜜業する方法を孊がうずしおいるこ
+ずに留意しおください。そのコミュニティは、コヌディング、スタむル、
+開発手順に぀いお高床な暙準を持぀、倚様な人の集たりです。
+地理的に分散した倧芏暡なチヌムに察しおもっずもうたくいくずわかったこず
+をベヌスにしながら、これらの暙準は長い時間をかけお築かれおきたした。
+これらはきちんず文曞化されおいたすから、事前にこれらの暙準に぀いおでき
+るだけたくさん孊んでください。たた皆があなたやあなたの䌚瀟のやり方に合わ
+せおくれるず思わないでください。
+
+法的問題
+------------
+
+Linux カヌネルの゜ヌスコヌドは GPL ラむセンスの䞋でリリヌスされおいた
+す。ラむセンスの詳现に぀いおは、゜ヌスツリヌのメむンディレクトリに存圚
+する、COPYING のファむルをみおください。もしラむセンスに぀いおさらに質
+問があれば、Linux Kernel メヌリングリストに質問するのではなく、どうぞ
+法埋家に盞談しおください。メヌリングリストの人達は法埋家ではなく、法的
+問題に぀いおは圌らの声明はあおにするべきではありたせん。
+
+GPL に関する共通の質問や回答に぀いおは、以䞋を参照しおください。
+ http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
+
+ドキュメント
+------------
+
+Linux カヌネル゜ヌスツリヌは幅広い範囲のドキュメントを含んでおり、それ
+らはカヌネルコミュニティず䌚話する方法を孊ぶのに非垞に貎重なものです。
+新しい機胜がカヌネルに远加される堎合、その機胜の䜿い方に぀いお説明した
+新しいドキュメントファむルも远加するこずを勧めたす。
+カヌネルの倉曎が、カヌネルがナヌザ空間に公開しおいるむンタヌフェむスの
+倉曎を匕き起こす堎合、その倉曎を説明するマニュアルペヌゞのパッチや情報
+をマニュアルペヌゞのメンテナ [email protected] に送るこずを勧めたす。
+
+以䞋はカヌネル゜ヌスツリヌに含たれおいる読んでおくべきファむルの䞀芧で
+す-
+
+ README
+ このファむルは Linuxカヌネルの簡単な背景ずカヌネルを蚭定(蚳泚
+ configure )し、生成(蚳泚 build )するために必芁なこずは䜕かが曞かれ
+ おいたす。カヌネルに関しお初めおの人はここからスタヌトするずよいで
+ しょう。
+
+ Documentation/Changes
+ このファむルはカヌネルをうたく生成(蚳泚 build )し、走らせるのに最
+ 小限のレベルで必芁な数々の゜フトりェアパッケヌゞの䞀芧を瀺しおい
+ たす。
+
+ Documentation/CodingStyle
+ これは Linux カヌネルのコヌディングスタむルず背景にある理由を蚘述
+ しおいたす。党おの新しいコヌドはこのドキュメントにあるガむドラむン
+ に埓っおいるこずを期埅されおいたす。倧郚分のメンテナヌはこれらのルヌ
+ ルに埓っおいるものだけを受け付け、倚くの人は正しいスタむルのコヌド
+ だけをレビュヌしたす。
+
+ Documentation/SubmittingPatches
+ Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
+ これらのファむルには、どうやっおうたくパッチを䜜っお投皿するかに
+ ぀いお非垞に詳しく曞かれおおり、以䞋を含みたす(これだけに限らない
+ けれども)
+ - Email に含むこず
+ - Email の圢匏
+ - だれに送るか
+ これらのルヌルに埓えばうたくいくこずを保蚌するこずではありたせん
+ が (すべおのパッチは内容ずスタむルに぀いお粟査を受けるので)、
+ ルヌルに埓わなければ間違いなくうたくいかないでしょう。
+ この他にパッチを䜜る方法に぀いおのよくできた蚘述は-
+
+ "The Perfect Patch"
+ http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
+ "Linux kernel patch submission format"
+ http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html
+
+ Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
+ このファむルはカヌネルの䞭に䞍倉のAPIを持たないこずにした意識的な
+ 決断の背景にある理由に぀いお曞かれおいたす。以䞋のようなこずを含
+ んでいたす-
+ - サブシステムずの間に局を䜜るこず(コンパチビリティのため?)
+ - オペレヌティングシステム間のドラむバの移怍性
+ - カヌネル゜ヌスツリヌの玠早い倉曎を遅らせる(もしくは玠早い倉曎
+ を劚げる)
+ このドキュメントは Linux 開発の思想を理解するのに非垞に重芁です。
+ そしお、他のOSでの開発者が Linux に移る時にずおも重芁です。
+
+ Documentation/SecurityBugs
+ もし Linux カヌネルでセキュリティ問題を発芋したように思ったら、こ
+ のドキュメントのステップに埓っおカヌネル開発者に連絡し、問題解決を
+ 支揎しおください。
+
+ Documentation/ManagementStyle
+ このドキュメントは Linux カヌネルのメンテナヌ達がどう行動するか、
+ 圌らの手法の背景にある共有されおいる粟神に぀いお蚘述しおいたす。こ
+ れはカヌネル開発の初心者ならもしくは、単に興味があるだけの人でも
+ 重芁です。なぜならこのドキュメントは、カヌネルメンテナヌ達の独特な
+ 行動に぀いおの倚くの誀解や混乱を解消するからです。
+
+ Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt
+ このファむルはどのように stable カヌネルのリリヌスが行われるかのルヌ
+ ルが蚘述されおいたす。そしおこれらのリリヌスの䞭のどこかで倉曎を取
+ り入れおもらいたい堎合に䜕をすればいいかが瀺されおいたす。
+
+ Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
+  カヌネル開発に付随する倖郚ドキュメントのリストです。もしあなたが
+ 探しおいるものがカヌネル内のドキュメントでみ぀からなかった堎合、
+ このリストをあたっおみおください。
+
+ Documentation/applying-patches.txt
+ パッチずはなにか、パッチをどうやっお様々なカヌネルの開発ブランチに
+ 適甚するのかに぀いお正確に蚘述した良い入門曞です。
+
+カヌネルは゜ヌスコヌドから自動的に生成可胜な倚数のドキュメントを自分自
+身でもっおいたす。これにはカヌネル内 API のすべおの蚘述や、どう正しく
+ロックをかけるかの芏則が含たれたす。このドキュメントは
+Documentation/DocBook/ ディレクトリに䜜られ、以䞋のように
+ make pdfdocs
+ make psdocs
+ make htmldocs
+ make mandocs
+コマンドを実行するずメむンカヌネルの゜ヌスディレクトリから
+それぞれ、PDF, Postscript, HTML, man page の圢匏で生成されたす。
+
+カヌネル開発者になるには
+---------------------------
+
+もしあなたが、Linux カヌネル開発に぀いお䜕も知らないならば、
+KernelNewbies プロゞェクトを芋るべきです
+ http://kernelnewbies.org
+
+このサむトには圹に立぀メヌリングリストがあり、基本的なカヌネル開発に関
+するほずんどどんな皮類の質問もできたす (既に回答されおいるようなこずを
+聞く前にたずはアヌカむブを調べおください)。
+たたここには、リアルタむムで質問を聞くこずができる IRC チャネルや、Linux
+カヌネルの開発に関しお孊ぶのに䟿利なたくさんの圹に立぀ドキュメントがあ
+りたす。
+
+web サむトには、コヌドの構成、サブシステム、珟圚存圚するプロゞェクト(ツ
+リヌにあるもの無いものの䞡方)の基本的な管理情報がありたす。
+ここには、たた、カヌネルのコンパむルのやり方やパッチの圓お方などの間接
+的な基本情報も蚘述されおいたす。
+
+あなたがどこからスタヌトしおよいかわからないが、Linux カヌネル開発コミュ
+ニティに参加しお䜕かするこずをさがしおいる堎合には、Linux kernel
+Janitor's プロゞェクトにいけばよいでしょう -
+ http://janitor.kernelnewbies.org/
+ここはそのようなスタヌトをするのにうっお぀けの堎所です。ここには、
+Linux カヌネル゜ヌスツリヌの䞭に含たれる、きれいにし、修正しなければな
+らない、単玔な問題のリストが蚘述されおいたす。このプロゞェクトに関わる
+開発者ず䞀緒に䜜業するこずで、あなたのパッチを Linuxカヌネルツリヌに入
+れるための基瀎を孊ぶこずができ、そしおもしあなたがただアむディアを持っ
+おいない堎合には、次にやる仕事の方向性が芋えおくるかもしれたせん。
+
+もしあなたが、すでにひずたずたりコヌドを曞いおいお、カヌネルツリヌに入
+れたいず思っおいたり、それに関する適切な支揎を求めたい堎合、カヌネル
+メンタヌズプロゞェクトはそのような皆さんを助けるためにできたした。
+ここにはメヌリングリストがあり、以䞋から参照できたす
+ http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors
+
+実際に Linux カヌネルのコヌドに぀いお修正を加える前に、どうやっおその
+コヌドが動䜜するのかを理解するこずが必芁です。そのためには、特別なツヌ
+ルの助けを借りおでも、それを盎接よく読むこずが最良の方法です(ほずんど
+のトリッキヌな郚分は十分にコメントしおありたすから)。そういうツヌルで
+特におすすめなのは、Linux クロスリファレンスプロゞェクトです。これは、
+自己参照方匏で、玢匕が぀いた web 圢匏で、゜ヌスコヌドを参照するこずが
+できたす。この最新の玠晎しいカヌネルコヌドのリポゞトリは以䞋で芋぀かり
+たす-
+ http://sosdg.org/~coywolf/lxr/
+
+開発プロセス
+-----------------------
+
+Linux カヌネルの開発プロセスは珟圚幟぀かの異なるメむンカヌネル「ブラン
+チ」ず倚数のサブシステム毎のカヌネルブランチから構成されたす。
+これらのブランチずは-
+ - メむンの 2.6.x カヌネルツリヌ
+ - 2.6.x.y -stable カヌネルツリヌ
+ - 2.6.x -git カヌネルパッチ
+ - 2.6.x -mm カヌネルパッチ
+ - サブシステム毎のカヌネルツリヌずパッチ
+
+2.6.x カヌネルツリヌ
+-----------------
+
+2.6.x カヌネルは Linus Torvalds によっおメンテナンスされ、kernel.org
+の pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ ディレクトリに存圚したす。この開発プロセスは
+以䞋のずおり-
+
+ - 新しいカヌネルがリリヌスされた盎埌に、2週間の特別期間が蚭けられ、
+ この期間䞭に、メンテナヌ達は Linus に倧きな差分を送るこずができた
+ す。このような差分は通垞 -mm カヌネルに数週間含たれおきたパッチで
+ す。 倧きな倉曎は git(カヌネルの゜ヌス管理ツヌル、詳现は
+ http://git.or.cz/ 参照) を䜿っお送るのが奜たしいやり方ですが、パッ
+ チファむルの圢匏のたた送るのでも十分です。
+
+ - 2週間埌、-rc1 カヌネルがリリヌスされ、この埌にはカヌネル党䜓の安定
+ 性に圱響をあたえるような新機胜は含たない類のパッチしか取り蟌むこず
+ はできたせん。新しいドラむバ(もしくはファむルシステム)のパッチは
+ -rc1 の埌で受け付けられるこずもあるこずを芚えおおいおください。な
+ ぜなら、倉曎が独立しおいお、远加されたコヌドの倖の領域に圱響を䞎え
+ ない限り、退行のリスクは無いからです。-rc1 がリリヌスされた埌、
+ Linus ぞパッチを送付するのに git を䜿うこずもできたすが、パッチは
+ レビュヌのために、パブリックなメヌリングリストぞも同時に送る必芁が
+ ありたす。
+
+ - 新しい -rc は Linus が、最新の git ツリヌがテスト目的であれば十分
+ に安定した状態にあるず刀断したずきにリリヌスされたす。目暙は毎週新
+ しい -rc カヌネルをリリヌスするこずです。
+
+ - このプロセスはカヌネルが 「準備ができた」ず考えられるたで継続した
+ す。このプロセスはだいたい 6週間継続したす。
+
+Andrew Morton が Linux-kernel メヌリングリストにカヌネルリリヌスに぀い
+お曞いたこずをここで蚀っおおくこずは䟡倀がありたす-
+ 「カヌネルがい぀リリヌスされるかは誰も知りたせん。なぜなら、これは珟
+ 実に認識されたバグの状況によりリリヌスされるのであり、前もっお決めら
+ れた蚈画によっおリリヌスされるものではないからです。」
+
+2.6.x.y -stable カヌネルツリヌ
+---------------------------
+
+バヌゞョンに4぀目の数字が぀いたカヌネルは -stable カヌネルです。これに
+は、2.6.x カヌネルで芋぀かったセキュリティ問題や重倧な埌戻りに察する比
+范的小さい重芁な修正が含たれたす。
+
+これは、開発/実隓的バヌゞョンのテストに協力するこずに興味が無く、
+最新の安定したカヌネルを䜿いたいナヌザに掚奚するブランチです。
+
+もし、2.6.x.y カヌネルが存圚しない堎合には、番号が䞀番倧きい 2.6.x
+が最新の安定版カヌネルです。
+
+2.6.x.y は "stable" チヌム <[email protected]> でメンテされおおり、だ
+いたい隔週でリリヌスされおいたす。
+
+カヌネルツリヌに入っおいる、Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt ファ
+むルにはどのような皮類の倉曎が -stable ツリヌに受け入れ可胜か、たたリ
+リヌスプロセスがどう動くかが蚘述されおいたす。
+
+2.6.x -git パッチ
+------------------
+
+git リポゞトリで管理されおいるLinus のカヌネルツリヌの毎日のスナップ
+ショットがありたす。(だから -git ずいう名前が぀いおいたす)。これらのパッ
+チはおおむね毎日リリヌスされおおり、Linus のツリヌの珟状を衚したす。こ
+れは -rc カヌネルず比べお、パッチが倧䞈倫かどうかも確認しないで自動的
+に生成されるので、より実隓的です。
+
+2.6.x -mm カヌネルパッチ
+------------------------
+
+Andrew Morton によっおリリヌスされる実隓的なカヌネルパッチ矀です。
+Andrew は個別のサブシステムカヌネルツリヌずパッチを党お集めおきお
+linux-kernel メヌリングリストで収集された倚数のパッチず同時に䞀぀にた
+ずめたす。
+このツリヌは新機胜ずパッチが怜蚌される堎ずなりたす。ある期間の間パッチ
+が -mm に入っお䟡倀を蚌明されたら、Andrew やサブシステムメンテナが、メ
+むンラむンぞ入れるように Linus にプッシュしたす。
+
+メむンカヌネルツリヌに含めるために Linus に送る前に、すべおの新しいパッ
+チが -mm ツリヌでテストされるこずが匷く掚奚されたす。
+
+これらのカヌネルは安定しお動䜜すべきシステムずしお䜿うのには適切ではあ
+りたせんし、カヌネルブランチの䞭でももっずも動䜜にリスクが高いものです。
+
+もしあなたが、カヌネル開発プロセスの支揎をしたいず思っおいるのであれば、
+どうぞこれらのカヌネルリリヌスをテストに䜿っおみお、そしおもし問題があ
+れば、たたもし党おが正しく動䜜したずしおも、linux-kernel メヌリングリ
+ストにフィヌドバックを提䟛しおください。
+
+すべおの他の実隓的パッチに加えお、これらのカヌネルは通垞リリヌス時点で
+メむンラむンの -git カヌネルに含たれる党おの倉曎も含んでいたす。
+
+-mm カヌネルは決たったスケゞュヌルではリリヌスされたせん、しかし通垞幟
+぀かの -mm カヌネル (1 から 3 が普通が各-rc カヌネルの間にリリヌスさ
+れたす。
+
+サブシステム毎のカヌネルツリヌずパッチ
+-------------------------------------------
+
+カヌネルの様々な領域で䜕が起きおいるかを芋られるようにするため、倚くの
+カヌネルサブシステム開発者は圌らの開発ツリヌを公開しおいたす。これらの
+ツリヌは説明したように -mm カヌネルリリヌスに入れ蟌たれたす。
+
+以䞋はさたざたなカヌネルツリヌの䞭のいく぀かのリスト-
+
+ git ツリヌ-
+ - Kbuild の開発ツリヌ、Sam Ravnborg <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sam/kbuild.git
+
+ - ACPI の開発ツリヌ、 Len Brown <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/lenb/linux-acpi-2.6.git
+
+ - Block の開発ツリヌ、Jens Axboe <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/axboe/linux-2.6-block.git
+
+ - DRM の開発ツリヌ、Dave Airlie <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/airlied/drm-2.6.git
+
+ - ia64 の開発ツリヌ、Tony Luck <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/aegl/linux-2.6.git
+
+ - ieee1394 の開発ツリヌ、Jody McIntyre <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/scjody/ieee1394.git
+
+ - infiniband, Roland Dreier <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/roland/infiniband.git
+
+ - libata, Jeff Garzik <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/libata-dev.git
+
+ - ネットワヌクドラむバ, Jeff Garzik <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jgarzik/netdev-2.6.git
+
+ - pcmcia, Dominik Brodowski <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brodo/pcmcia-2.6.git
+
+ - SCSI, James Bottomley <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jejb/scsi-misc-2.6.git
+
+ その他の git カヌネルツリヌは http://kernel.org/git に䞀芧衚がありた
+ す。
+
+ quilt ツリヌ-
+ - USB, PCI ドラむバコアず I2C, Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>
+ kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/gregkh/gregkh-2.6/
+
+バグレポヌト
+-------------
+
+bugzilla.kernel.org は Linux カヌネル開発者がカヌネルのバグを远跡する
+堎所です。ナヌザは芋぀けたバグの党おをこのツヌルで報告すべきです。
+どう kernel bugzilla を䜿うかの詳现は、以䞋を参照しおください-
+ http://test.kernel.org/bugzilla/faq.html
+
+メむンカヌネル゜ヌスディレクトリにあるファむル REPORTING-BUGS はカヌネ
+ルバグらしいものに぀いおどうレポヌトするかの良いテンプレヌトであり、問
+題の远跡を助けるためにカヌネル開発者にずっおどんな情報が必芁なのかの詳
+现が曞かれおいたす。
+
+メヌリングリスト
+-------------
+
+䞊のいく぀かのドキュメントで述べおいたすが、コアカヌネル開発者の倧郚分
+は Linux kernel メヌリングリストに参加しおいたす。このリストの登録/脱
+退の方法に぀いおは以䞋を参照しおください-
+ http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel
+
+このメヌリングリストのアヌカむブは web 䞊の倚数の堎所に存圚したす。こ
+れらのアヌカむブを探すにはサヌチ゚ンゞンを䜿いたしょう。䟋えば-
+ http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel
+
+リストに投皿する前にすでにその話題がアヌカむブに存圚するかどうかを怜玢
+するこずを是非やっおください。倚数の事がすでに詳现に枡っお議論されお
+おり、アヌカむブにのみ蚘録されおいたす。
+
+倧郚分のカヌネルサブシステムも自分の個別の開発を実斜するメヌリングリス
+トを持っおいたす。個々のグルヌプがどんなリストを持っおいるかは、
+MAINTAINERS ファむルにリストがありたすので参照しおください。
+
+倚くのリストは kernel.org でホストされおいたす。これらの情報は以䞋にあ
+りたす-
+ http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
+
+メヌリングリストを䜿う堎合、良い行動習慣に埓うようにしたしょう。
+少し安っぜいが、以䞋の URL は䞊のリスト(や他のリスト)で䌚話する堎合の
+シンプルなガむドラむンを瀺しおいたす-
+ http://www.albion.com/netiquette/
+
+もし耇数の人があなたのメヌルに返事をした堎合、CC: で受ける人のリストは
+だいぶ倚くなるでしょう。良い理由がない堎合、CC: リストから誰かを削陀を
+しないように、たた、メヌリングリストのアドレスだけにリプラむするこずの
+ないようにしたしょう。1぀は送信者から、もう1぀はリストからのように、メヌ
+ルを2回受けるこずになっおもそれに慣れ、しゃれたメヌルヘッダヌを远加し
+おこの状態を倉えようずしないように。人々はそのようなこずは奜みたせん。
+
+今たでのメヌルでのやりずりずその間のあなたの発蚀はそのたた残し、
+"John Kernlehacker wrote ...:" の行をあなたのリプラむの先頭行にしお、
+メヌルの先頭でなく、各匕甚行の間にあなたの蚀いたいこずを远加するべきで
+す。
+
+もしパッチをメヌルに付ける堎合は、Documentaion/SubmittingPatches に提
+瀺されおいるように、それは プレヌンな可読テキストにするこずを忘れない
+ようにしたしょう。カヌネル開発者は 添付や圧瞮したパッチを扱いたがりた
+せん-
+圌らはあなたのパッチの行毎にコメントを入れたいので、そのためにはそうす
+るしかありたせん。あなたのメヌルプログラムが空癜やタブを圧瞮しないよう
+に確認した方がいいです。最初の良いテストずしおは、自分にメヌルを送っお
+みお、そのパッチを自分で圓おおみるこずです。もしそれがうたく行かないな
+ら、あなたのメヌルプログラムを盎しおもらうか、正しく動くように倉えるべ
+きです。
+
+ずりわけ、他の登録者に察する尊敬を衚すようにするこずを芚えおおいおくだ
+さい。
+
+コミュニティず共に働くこず
+--------------------------
+
+カヌネルコミュニティのゎヌルは可胜なかぎり最高のカヌネルを提䟛するこず
+です。あなたがパッチを受け入れおもらうために投皿した堎合、それは、技術
+的メリットだけがレビュヌされたす。その際、あなたは䜕を予想すべきでしょ
+うか?
+ - 批刀
+ - コメント
+ - 倉曎の芁求
+ - パッチの正圓性の蚌明芁求
+ - 沈黙
+
+思い出しおください、ここはあなたのパッチをカヌネルに入れる話です。あ
+なたは、あなたのパッチに察する批刀ずコメントを受け入れるべきで、それら
+を技術的レベルで評䟡しお、パッチを再䜜成するか、なぜそれらの倉曎をすべ
+きでないかを明確で簡朔な理由の説明を提䟛しおください。
+もし、あなたのパッチに䜕も反応がない堎合、たたにはメヌルの山に埋もれお
+芋逃され、あなたの投皿が忘れられおしたうこずもあるので、数日埅っお再床
+投皿しおください。
+
+あなたがやるべきでないものは?
+ - 質問なしにあなたのパッチが受け入れられるず想像するこず
+ - 守りに入るこず
+ - コメントを無芖するこず
+ - 芁求された倉曎を䜕もしないでパッチを出し盎すこず
+
+可胜な限り最高の技術的解決を求めおいるコミュニティでは、パッチがどのく
+らい有益なのかに぀いおは垞に異なる意芋がありたす。あなたは協調的である
+べきですし、たた、あなたのアむディアをカヌネルに察しおうたく合わせるよ
+うにするこずが望たれおいたす。もしくは、最䜎限あなたのアむディアがそれ
+だけの䟡倀があるずすすんで蚌明するようにしなければなりたせん。
+正しい解決に向かっお進もうずいう意志がある限り、間違うこずがあっおも蚱
+容されるこずを忘れないでください。
+
+あなたの最初のパッチに単に 1ダヌスもの修正を求めるリストの返答になるこ
+ずも普通のこずです。これはあなたのパッチが受け入れられないずいうこずで
+は *ありたせん*、そしおあなた自身に反察するこずを意味するのでも *ありた
+せん*。単に自分のパッチに察しお指摘された問題を党お修正しお再送すれば
+いいのです。
+
+カヌネルコミュニティず䌁業組織のちがい
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+カヌネルコミュニティは倧郚分の䌝統的な䌚瀟の開発環境ずは異ったやり方で
+動いおいたす。以䞋は問題を避けるためにできるずよいこずののリストです-
+
+ あなたの提案する倉曎に぀いお蚀うずきのうたい蚀い方
+
+ - "これは耇数の問題を解決したす"
+ - "これは2000行のコヌドを削陀したす"
+ - "以䞋のパッチは、私が蚀おうずしおいるこずを説明するものです"
+ - "私はこれを5぀の異なるアヌキテクチャでテストしたのですが..."
+ - "以䞋は䞀連の小さなパッチ矀ですが..."
+ - "これは兞型的なマシンでの性胜を向䞊させたす.."
+
+ やめた方がいい悪い蚀い方
+
+ - このやり方で AIX/ptx/Solaris ではできたので、できるはずだ
+ - 私はこれを20幎もの間やっおきた、だから
+ - これは、私の䌚瀟が金儲けをするために必芁だ
+ - これは我々の゚ンタヌプラむズ向け商品ラむンのためである
+ - これは 私が自分のアむディアを蚘述した、1000ペヌゞの蚭蚈資料である
+ - 私はこれに぀いお、6ケ月䜜業しおいる。
+ - 以䞋は ... に関する5000行のパッチです
+ - 私は珟圚のぐちゃぐちゃを党郚曞き盎した、それが以䞋です...
+ - 私は〆切がある、そのためこのパッチは今すぐ適甚される必芁がある
+
+カヌネルコミュニティが倧郚分の䌝統的な゜フトりェア゚ンゞニアリングの劎
+働環境ず異なるもう䞀぀の点は、やりずりに顔を合わせないずいうこずです。
+email ず irc を第䞀のコミュニケヌションの圢ずする䞀぀の利点は、性別や
+民族の差別がないこずです。Linux カヌネルの職堎環境は女性や少数民族を受
+容したす。なぜなら、email アドレスによっおのみあなたが認識されるからで
+す。
+囜際的な偎面からも掻動領域を均等にするようにしたす。なぜならば、あなた
+は人の名前で性別を想像できないからです。ある男性が アンドレアずいう名
+前で、女性の名前は パット かもしれたせん (蚳泚 Andrea は米囜では女性、
+それ以倖(欧州など)では男性名ずしお䜿われるこずが倚い。同様に、Pat は
+Patricia (䞻に女性名)や Patrick (䞻に男性名)の略称)。
+Linux カヌネルの掻動をしお、意芋を衚明したこずがある倧郚分の女性は、前
+向きな経隓をもっおいたす。
+
+蚀葉の壁は英語が埗意でない䞀郚の人には問題になりたす。
+メヌリングリストの䞭できちんずアむディアを亀換するには、盞圓うたく英語
+を操れる必芁があるこずもありたす。そのため、あなたは自分のメヌル
+を送る前に英語で意味が通じおいるかをチェックするこずをお薊めしたす。
+
+倉曎を分割する
+---------------------
+
+Linux カヌネルコミュニティは、䞀床に倧量のコヌドの塊を喜んで受容するこ
+ずはありたせん。倉曎は正確に説明される必芁があり、議論され、小さい、個
+別の郚分に分割する必芁がありたす。これはこれたで倚くの䌚瀟がやり慣れお
+きたこずず党く正反察のこずです。あなたのプロポヌザルは、開発プロセスのず
+おも早い段階から玹介されるべきです。そうすれば あなたは自分のやっおい
+るこずにフィヌドバックを埗られたす。これは、コミュニティからみれば、あ
+なたが圌らず䞀緒にやっおいるように感じられ、単にあなたの提案する機胜の
+ゎミ捚お堎ずしお䜿っおいるのではない、ず感じられるでしょう。
+しかし、䞀床に 50 もの email をメヌリングリストに送り぀けるようなこずは
+やっおはいけたせん、あなたのパッチ矀はい぀もどんな時でもそれよりは小さ
+くなければなりたせん。
+
+パッチを分割する理由は以䞋です-
+
+1) 小さいパッチはあなたのパッチが適甚される芋蟌みを倧きくしたす、カヌ
+ ネルの人達はパッチが正しいかどうかを確認する時間や劎力をかけないか
+ らです。5行のパッチはメンテナがたった1秒芋るだけで適甚できたす。し
+ かし、500行のパッチは、正しいこずをレビュヌするのに数時間かかるかも
+ しれたせん(時間はパッチのサむズなどにより指数関数に比䟋しおかかりた
+ す)
+ 小さいパッチは䜕かあったずきにデバッグもずおも簡単になりたす。パッ
+ チを1個1個取り陀くのは、ずおも倧きなパッチを圓おた埌に(か぀、䜕かお
+ かしくなった埌で)解剖するのに比べればずおも簡単です。
+
+2) 小さいパッチを送るだけでなく、送るたえに、曞き盎しお、シンプルにす
+ る(もしくは、単に順番を倉えるだけでも)こずも、ずおも重芁です。
+
+以䞋はカヌネル開発者の Al Viro のたずえ話しです
+
+ "生埒の数孊の宿題を採点する先生のこずを考えおみおください、先
+ 生は生埒が解に到達するたでの詊行錯誀をみたいずは思わないでしょ
+ う。先生は簡朔な最高の解をみたいのです。良い生埒はこれを知っお
+ おり、そしお最終解の前の䞭間䜜業を提出するこずは決しおないので
+ す"
+ カヌネル開発でもこれは同じです。メンテナヌ達ずレビュヌア達は、
+ 問題を解決する解の背埌になる思考プロセスをみたいずは思いたせん。
+ 圌らは単玔であざやかな解決方法をみたいのです。
+
+あざやかな解を説明するのず、コミュニティず共に仕事をし、未解決の仕事を
+議論するこずのバランスをキヌプするのは難しいかもしれたせん。
+ですから、開発プロセスの早期段階で改善のためのフィヌドバックをもらうよ
+うにするのもいいですが、倉曎点を小さい郚分に分割しお党䜓ではただ完成し
+おいない仕事を(郚分的に)取り蟌んでもらえるようにするこずもいいこずです。
+
+たた、でき䞊がっおいないものや、"将来盎す" ようなパッチを、本流に含め
+おもらうように送っおも、それは受け付けられないこずを理解しおください。
+
+あなたの倉曎を正圓化する
+-------------------
+
+あなたのパッチを分割するのず同時に、なぜその倉曎を远加しなければならな
+いかを Linux コミュニティに知らせるこずはずおも重芁です。新機胜は必芁
+性ず有甚性で正圓化されなければなりたせん。
+
+あなたの倉曎の説明
+--------------------
+
+あなたのパッチを送付する堎合には、メヌルの䞭のテキストで䜕を蚀うかに぀
+いお、特別に泚意を払っおください。この情報はパッチの ChangeLog に䜿わ
+れ、い぀も皆がみられるように保管されたす。これは次のような項目を含め、
+パッチを完党に蚘述するべきです-
+
+ - なぜ倉曎が必芁か
+ - パッチ党䜓の蚭蚈アプロヌチ
+ - 実装の詳现
+ - テスト結果
+
+これに぀いお党おがどのようにあるべきかに぀いおの詳现は、以䞋のドキュメ
+ントの ChangeLog セクションをみおください-
+ "The Perfect Patch"
+ http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/linux/patches/stuff/tpp.txt
+
+これらのどれもが、時にはずおも困難です。これらの慣䟋を完璧に実斜するに
+は数幎かかるかもしれたせん。これは継続的な改善のプロセスであり、そのた
+めには倚数の忍耐ず決意を必芁ずするものです。でも、諊めないで、これは可
+胜なこずです。倚数の人がすでにできおいたすし、圌らも皆最初はあなたず同
+じずころからスタヌトしたのですから。
+
+Paolo Ciarrocchi に感謝、圌は圌の曞いた "Development Process"
+(http://linux.tar.bz/articles/2.6-development_process)セクショ
+ンをこのテキストの原型にするこずを蚱可しおくれたした。
+Rundy Dunlap ず Gerrit Huizenga はメヌリングリストでやるべきこずずやっ
+おはいけないこずのリストを提䟛しおくれたした。
+以䞋の人々のレビュヌ、コメント、貢献に感謝。
+Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
+Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
+Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
+David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, ず Alex Shepard
+圌らの支揎なしでは、このドキュメントはできなかったでしょう。
+
+Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <[email protected]>
--
1.4.4.4


Attachments:
add-japanese-howto.patch (40.09 kB)

2007-06-13 20:15:49

by Pavel Machek

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Hi!

> Yes, but this file, and the stable-api-nonsense.txt files are there to
> help people understand both the kernel's philosophy, as well as
> encourage them to help contribute.
>
> That is totally different from internationalizing the internal kernel
> messages (which, btw, some people are working on...) That I would not
> agree to as it's just too hard to keep up with and would be pointless in
> a way.
>
> So I really do want to see a translated copy of the HOWTO,
> stable-api-nonsense.txt, and possibly a few other files in the main
> kernel tree (SubmittingPatches, CodingStyle, and SubmittingDrivers might
> all be good canidates for this.) These files change relativly
> infrequently (the HOWTO file has had only 7 changes in 1 and 1/2 years,
> and they were very minor ones) and should be easy for the translators to
> keep up with.

But what is the point of having them in tree?

- regular review process does not work for them.

- regular release process does not work for them; translations want
release few days after -stable is released.

- kernel contributors will _not_ be able to fix them when they change
the original.

Plus, I'm not even sure if we have enough space. There are lots of
languages.
Pavel
--
(english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek
(cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html

2007-06-13 20:36:50

by Greg KH

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Wed, Jun 13, 2007 at 02:18:18PM +0000, Pavel Machek wrote:
> Hi!
>
> > Yes, but this file, and the stable-api-nonsense.txt files are there to
> > help people understand both the kernel's philosophy, as well as
> > encourage them to help contribute.
> >
> > That is totally different from internationalizing the internal kernel
> > messages (which, btw, some people are working on...) That I would not
> > agree to as it's just too hard to keep up with and would be pointless in
> > a way.
> >
> > So I really do want to see a translated copy of the HOWTO,
> > stable-api-nonsense.txt, and possibly a few other files in the main
> > kernel tree (SubmittingPatches, CodingStyle, and SubmittingDrivers might
> > all be good canidates for this.) These files change relativly
> > infrequently (the HOWTO file has had only 7 changes in 1 and 1/2 years,
> > and they were very minor ones) and should be easy for the translators to
> > keep up with.
>
> But what is the point of having them in tree?

Wider exposure. It will greatly increase the "google-juice" of it and
helps out when pointing people at the needed information.

> Plus, I'm not even sure if we have enough space. There are lots of
> languages.

"space"? Since when are we running out of space? The kernel is "only"
growing at 10% a year and is a mere 8.1 million lines or so. We have
plenty of space on the mirrors to take up :)

thanks,

greg k-h

2007-06-13 20:44:15

by Pavel Machek

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

Hi!

> > Plus, I'm not even sure if we have enough space. There are lots of
> > languages.
>
> "space"? Since when are we running out of space? The kernel is "only"
> growing at 10% a year and is a mere 8.1 million lines or so. We have
> plenty of space on the mirrors to take up :)

On mirrors, maybe. But I have 9+ copies on local notebook, and that
beast is out of space all the time :-).
Pavel
--
(english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek
(cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html

2007-06-15 00:29:25

by Kyle Moffett

[permalink] [raw]
Subject: Re: [RFD] Documentation/HOWTO translated into Japanese

On Jun 11, 2007, at 13:38:10, Tony Luck wrote:
>> I'd rather have a single file, marked "Japanese" (in Japanese),
>> that had pointers to current translations. These will always be at
>> least as current as whatever we have in the tree, if not more so.
>> Especially when someone is trying to figure out how to work based
>> on the year-old kernel their embedded vendor gave them.
>
> Knowing whether a translation is current or not would be useful ...
> perhaps the translated files could include the GIT blob SHA1 of the
> version they were translated from (and some human readable version
> string too :-) This would allow someone reading the documentation
> to know whether is really was current. If it isn't, it provides an
> easy path to see what changed in the source document since the
> translation was made. This same diff should lighten the load for
> people maintaining the translation.

Well, actually, if you're going that route then extend GIT to have
support for "related" files. Essentially you should be able to add
metadata to a git tree which says: "files $SHA1-$PATH1, $SHA2-$PATH2,
[...], are related". Then there would be a "git list-related"
command with a "--mismatch" option which would list paths for which
$SHA1 doesn't correspond to $PATH1 or $SHA2 doesn't correspond to
$PATH2, etc. Some clever updating of related-status during commit/
clone/pull/etc could store information in the index about whether or
not any given file is up-to-date with respect to its co-related files.

For translations, when the English version of a document is updated
it will automatically result in a "mismatch", allowing translators to
do a simple git-diff and see what happened. Likewise, if the
Japanese document is updated without changing the relationship then
it might mean that somebody should see what changed and update the
English version as well. If you determine that the change was
irrelevant for the other language (spelling/grammar fixes, etc), then
you just update the relationship and commit that change.

It would probably be pretty trivial to implement a prototype using a
'.gitrelated' file in the root of the git tree, although better
integration with the index would really speed handling with lots of
related files; instead of linear searching just iterate over the
prepared-during-checkout "out-of-date" list.

Cheers,
Kyle Moffett